In practice, a large number of inventions are protected by submitting patent applications and obtaining authorization. Therefore, the writing quality of patent application documents often affects whether the patentee can successfully defend his rights and resist competitors. In this paper, the author discusses the writing skills of patent application documents from the perspective of writing patent application documents.

　　First, we should consider the appropriate scope of protection. The so-called "appropriate" scope of protection refers to obtaining as large a scope of protection as possible on the premise of complying with China’s patent law and its implementation rules.

　　The author thinks that a patent application document can "predict" the comparison documents that may be retrieved, which is based on the full retrieval of domestic and foreign patent documents in the early stage of writing the patent application document, so as to determine the appropriate level of existing technology, construct an appropriate scope of protection, and make the patent more stable.

　　In practice, the author found that many existing patent application documents only describe the technical scheme itself. The author believes that the process of writing patent application documents is a process of secondary creation, which requires the joint participation of inventors and patent agents to discuss various implementation methods to solve the technical problems involved in invention-creation, and determine the claims after summarizing and abstracting the technical characteristics of the implementation methods (upper generalization or functional limitation). And the upper generalization also needs as many examples as possible so that the claims can be supported by the specification. When judging the infringement, the functional features are interpreted as the specific embodiment disclosed in the specification and its equivalent embodiment, and the application of the equivalence rule is easy to have objections. Therefore, it is helpful to obtain a more appropriate scope of protection by excavating as many embodiments as possible in the writing stage of patent application documents.

　　Second, when writing patent application documents, we should also consider it from the perspective of being conducive to infringement judgment. For example, based on principle of universal coverage, when writing the patent application file at first, only the most necessary technical feature set that can solve the technical problems of the invention needs to be written into the independent claim, and unnecessary technical features will only limit the narrowing of the protection scope. In practice, the name of the invention, the characteristics of the use environment, the technical characteristics of the product defined by the preparation method, and the step sequence of the method claim may limit the scope of patent protection, so it should be carefully considered when using it. If there are possibly ambiguous terms in the claim and they are not explained in the specification, it may cause obstacles to the interpretation of the subsequent claims.

　　Third, the commercial prospects of patented products or methods should be considered. In the writing stage of patent application documents, patent agents may find that technical solutions can be applied to fields with more commercial prospects during the communication with inventors. For example, a technical scheme can be used in PC, but after understanding the existing technology, it is found that its application prospect in mobile terminal is very considerable, but it needs to be adjusted accordingly when applied in mobile terminal, so different technical schemes are produced, and the application strategy needs to be adjusted in time.

　　Fourth, we should consider whether patents can be easily evaded by competitors. The patent agent can work with the applicant to develop possible improved technical solutions and possible deteriorated technical solutions. The improved technical solutions can be used as a "retreat" in the patent examination stage and may prevent competitors from submitting improved solutions to patent applications. According to the Guide to Determining Patent Infringement issued by Beijing Higher People’s Court, the deteriorated technical scheme does not constitute equivalent infringement, so the deteriorated technical scheme should also be considered when writing patent application documents.

　　Fifth, it should be considered that it is conducive to obtaining evidence and safeguarding rights. If the applicant is engaged in the production of products, from the perspective of tort compensation, it may be more beneficial for the right holder to write patent application documents mainly against product manufacturers. This is because it is generally easier for sellers, importers and users of infringing products to prove the legal source of infringing products. In this case, it is advantageous to write the product and the claim of the preparation method of the product.

　　In the fields of communication, network and computer, the applicant may face multiple infringing objects, and which infringing objects he hopes to resist is an important factor in determining his claim. Different claims can be designed for different infringing objects.

　　Generally speaking, it is more beneficial to obtain evidence if you can know the technical characteristics of the product without disassembling it or using it by consumers. If you need reverse engineering to determine whether a product is infringing, you need to consider the difficulty of reverse engineering. For example, for related patents in the chemical field, the technical features that can be measured by ordinary measuring instruments or technologies are more conducive to obtaining evidence. For patents related to semiconductor and chip fields, if reverse engineering is easy to realize, components and their connection modes can be described. If reverse engineering is difficult to realize or the cost is high, it is necessary to consider whether it is necessary to change the writing method.

　　Sixth, we should consider the layout strategy. When writing patent application documents, we should also pay attention to the role of dependent claims, that is, in addition to independent claims, other novel and creative technical features can be arranged in dependent claims to prevent competitors from evading design.

　　At the same time, different levels of protection scope should be considered, and some patent application documents may be incompatible with certain technical features. At this time, independent claims with different protection scope can be considered to avoid giving up some protection scope due to modification. In addition, in some cases, the protection scope of the method claim can be different from that of the product claim, for example, the protection scope of the method claim can be greater than that of the product claim to achieve different levels of protection.

　　Chinese applicants need to consider the relevant laws and regulations of different countries when writing patent application documents if they want to arrange patents abroad. When submitting an international patent application through the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), due to the relatively limited space for modification, it is especially necessary to strictly check the priority documents.

　　For example, when filing an American patent application, we should avoid too much self-admission and discussion about the existing technology. Because the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has a strict review of Antecedent Basis, patent Enablement and Written Description, it should be extra cautious when writing priority documents. (Li Xingdi only represents the author’s personal views)
　

Notice on printing and distributing the vaccination work plan to deal with the recent infection situation in Covid-19
Guo Wei Ming Dian [2023] No.46

All provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps should respond to the joint prevention and control mechanism (leading group and headquarters) of novel coronavirus infection, and the State Council should respond to the members of the vaccination coordination group of the joint prevention and control mechanism of novel coronavirus infection:

The "Work Plan for Vaccination in Response to Recent Infections in Covid-19" is hereby printed and distributed to you, please conscientiously implement it according to the actual situation.

The State Council responds to novel coronavirus infection.Comprehensive group of epidemic prevention and control mechanism
April 6, 2023

(Information disclosure form: voluntary disclosure)

Respond to the recent Covid-19 infection epidemic.Vaccination work plan

In order to thoroughly implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, effectively respond to the recent epidemic situation in Covid-19, and ensure and safeguard people’s health, this work plan is formulated in combination with the epidemic situation, vaccine research and development, immune effect evaluation, population immunity level and other factors.

First, the target population

At this stage, the focus of vaccination is to fill the gap in immune level for different target groups and further reduce the risk of severe illness and death. The target population is as follows:

(a) people who are not infected and have not completed the established immunization program. Including uninfected people aged 3-17 who have not completed basic immunization, uninfected people aged over 18 who have not completed the first dose of booster immunization, and uninfected people aged over 18 who have not completed the second dose of booster immunization (high-risk people with infection, elderly people over 60 years old, people with serious basic diseases and people with low immunity).

(two) people who have been infected and have not completed basic immunization.

Second, the time interval and vaccine selection

(1) Time interval.

The uninfected target population completes the follow-up vaccination according to the established immunization program and its time interval requirements. Among them, for people over 18 who have completed basic immunization, the interval of the first dose of booster immunization is adjusted to more than 3 months.

People who have been infected and have not completed basic immunization can be vaccinated with one dose after 3 months of infection.

(2) vaccine selection.

Shenzhou cell recombinant Covid-19 tetravalent S trimer protein vaccine and Unacon Covid-19 mRNA vaccine have been included in emergency use, which can be used for intensive immunization of people over 18 years old.

The vaccines used for basic immunization of uninfected target population shall be implemented with reference to the relevant requirements in the previous period. In order to strengthen immunization, it is recommended to use Shenzhou cell recombinant Covid-19 tetravalent S trimer protein vaccine and Unacon Covid-19 mRNA vaccine. Other recombinant protein vaccines or virus vector vaccines that have been approved for conditional marketing or emergency use can also be selected for sequential enhanced immunization.

People over the age of 18 who have been infected and have not completed basic immunization are recommended to use Shenzhou cell recombinant Covid-19 tetravalent S trimer protein vaccine and Unacon Covid-19 mRNA vaccine, or choose other recombinant protein vaccines or virus vector vaccines that have been approved for conditional marketing or emergency use. For people aged 3-17 who have been infected and have not completed basic immunization, the vaccines used for vaccination shall be implemented according to the relevant requirements of the previous period.

Follow-up will be based on the progress of vaccine research and development, approval, combined with the epidemic situation, virus variation and other conditions, timely research and adjustment of vaccination strategies.

Third, ensure vaccination safety

All localities should continue to give priority to vaccination safety, and organize vaccination implementation in strict accordance with the requirements of the Code for Vaccination Work. Local health departments should implement the "four haves" requirement that vaccination units should have emergency personnel stationed in general hospitals at or above the second level, emergency equipment and medicines, 120 ambulances on duty, and green channels for treatment in general hospitals at or above the second level to ensure vaccination safety. Inoculation units should do a good job in vaccination information registration and vaccine flow management, and update the vaccination records in the immunization planning information system and vaccination vouchers in a timely and accurate manner.

Fourth, strengthen organization and implementation

(1) Strengthening the responsibility of territorial subjects. All localities should implement the responsibility of territorial management, attach great importance to and co-ordinate the vaccination work in Covid-19. It is necessary to strengthen the guidance of vaccination work within the jurisdiction and fully grasp the progress of the work. Relevant local departments should strengthen docking and do a good job of coordination.

(two) to play the role of the competent department of industry. The competent departments of relevant industries should guide the units where the personnel in this industry work to actively cooperate with local unified arrangements and jointly do a good job in organizing and mobilizing.

(3) Strengthen supervision and guidance. It is necessary to closely track and monitor the progress of vaccination in various places, and find and study and solve related problems in time. Improve the traceability system of vaccine flow, improve the safety supervision mechanism of vaccine chain, continuously strengthen the whole process management and safety precautions, and effectively ensure the efficient and smooth transportation of vaccines.

(4) Do a good job in publicity and guidance. All localities and relevant departments should, according to the needs of work, formulate targeted publicity measures for vaccination work, focus on the purpose and significance of vaccination, respond to social concerns, sum up and popularize typical experiences and practices, actively guide the target population to take the initiative to vaccinate, and especially guide and improve the vaccination rate of the elderly population.

Note: People aged 3-17 can only use Covid-19 inactivated vaccine of Sinopharm Zhongsheng Beijing Company, Beijing Kexing Company, Sinopharm Zhongsheng Wuhan Company and Zhifeilong Kema recombinant Covid-19 vaccine (CHO cells).

　　CCTV News:According to WeChat official account, the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, on October 23rd, the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention released the national epidemic situation of legal infectious diseases in September 2023:

　　In September 2023 (from 0: 00 on September 1st to 24: 00 on September 30th), 879,567 cases of legal infectious diseases were reported in China (excluding Hongkong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province, the same below), with 2,213 deaths.

　　Nine cases of Class A infectious diseases were reported, all of which were cholera, and no deaths were reported.

　　Among the Class B infectious diseases, except novel coronavirus infection, 304,210 cases were reported and 2,213 people died, including SARS, poliomyelitis, human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza, diphtheria and human infection with H7N9 avian influenza. The top five reported diseases are viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, syphilis, gonorrhea and dengue fever, accounting for 92.7% of the total reported cases of Class B infectious diseases.

　　In the same period, a total of 575,348 cases of Class C infectious diseases were reported, and no deaths were reported. The top three reported diseases are influenza, hand-foot-mouth disease and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, accounting for 80.2% of the total reported cases of Class C infectious diseases.

　　CCTV News:South Korean Presidential Palace Cheongwadae announced on the 8th that Moon Jae in will meet with a visiting high-level delegation from the DPRK on the 10th. Members of the delegation include Jin Yongnan, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People’s Assembly of the DPRK, Jin Yuzheng, First Deputy Minister of the Central Committee of the Workers’ Party of Korea, Cui Hui, Chairman of the State Sports Steering Committee, and Li Shanquan, Chairman of the Peaceful Reunification Committee of the Motherland. According to Xinhua News Agency, the DPRK delegation arrived at Incheon Airport in South Korea by special plane at noon on the 9th.

　　Who’s Jin Yuzheng? What is the future trend of the situation on the peninsula? Will the representatives of North Korea, South Korea and the United States interact outside of sports events? The PyeongChang Winter Olympics in 2018 was full of topics before it started.

　　Rare! Kim Jong-un once only took his twin sister to inspect the troops.

　　Jin Yuzheng is the daughter of the late North Korean leader Kim Jong Il and the younger sister of Kim Jong Un.

　　On March 9, 2014, Jin Yuzheng made her first "official appearance" in a report on North Korean national television. At that time, Kim Jong-un was elected as the representative of Baitoushan Constituency No.111 with 100% support rate. Jin Yuzheng, known as "Comrade", appeared for the first time in the report, and a "close-up" of her voting was shown.

　　On November 27th, 2014, Kim Jong-un inspected the 426 Animation Studio. Korean Central News Agency mentioned Jin Yuzheng, Vice Minister of the Central Committee of the Labor Party, when introducing the accompanying personnel. This was the first time that the North Korean media publicized Jin Yuzheng’s position, which attracted the attention of foreign media.

　　After that, Jin Yuzheng can always be seen in Kim Jong-un’s activities reported by North Korea’s official media. From watching performances, to inspecting factories and museums, to inspecting military training activities, Jin Yuzheng’s name can always be found in the list of accompanying persons.

　　From March 9, 2014 to March 12, 2015, Jin Yuzheng accompanied Kim Jong-un on 25 inspections. Since November, 2014, Jin Yuzheng has been accompanying Kim Jong-un to inspect more and more frequently, accounting for more than half of the total times. Generally speaking, Jin Yuzheng’s people’s livelihood and cultural performances are twice as many as her military and political visits. However, since November 2014, her visits to the army have been basically the same as other activities. In January 2015, Jin Yuzheng’s public activities were particularly active, and he accompanied Kim Jong-un on seven inspections.

　　On March 12, 2015, Kim Jong-un, the top leader of North Korea, visited a defense squadron in the front post on the east coast of North Korea. In Korean Central News Agency’s report, only the name of Kim Jong-un’s sister Jin Yuzheng was mentioned, but the names of other accompanying persons were not mentioned. Judging from the pictures released by the Workers’ Party of Korea, Jin Yuzheng not only accompanied Kim Jong-un to inspect the whole process, but also participated in the final photo. This kind of situation is rare. Usually, the entourage of Kim Jong-un does not take part in the group photo during the inspection activities, and it is the first time that only Kim Jong-un’s brother and sister inspect the troops in the official media of North Korea.

　　At present, it is a critical moment for the DPRK and the ROK to release goodwill and improve bilateral relations. Kim Jong-un sent Jin Yuzheng to represent North Korea in the opening ceremony of the PyeongChang Winter Olympics, and the position of the younger sister in North Korea’s political arena is self-evident.

　　The South Korean side also attaches great importance to the first entry of North Korean Kim family members into Korea. A spokesman for South Korea’s Cheongwadae said that all preparations would be made to ensure the smooth visit of the DPRK high-level delegation to South Korea to participate in the Olympic Games, and called Jin Yuzheng’s visit "of great significance". As Jin Yuzheng is an important figure in the Labor Party, the ROK expects that she will have considerable discretion in this trip, which is more important than Jin Yongnan’s coming to hankyung alone, and the ROK and the DPRK may take this opportunity to have a more meaningful dialogue.

　　The close interaction between the DPRK and the ROK, the United States and Japan secretly "make bad"

　　The 23rd Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea in 2018 is destined to be an "unusual" Winter Olympics. Before that, the Vice President of the United States invited "special guests" to pour cold water on the relations between the DPRK and the ROK, and then members of the North Korean "Baitoushan family" (Kim family) entered Korea for the first time. During this period, it was reported that Trump’s daughter would attend the closing ceremony of the Winter Olympics and the South Korean Unification Ministry made intensive statements four times in three days … … The "feature film" of the 2018 Winter Olympics has not yet started, and the "trailer" alone is as wonderful as any Hollywood movie.

　　At the beginning of the new year in 2018, the DPRK and the ROK changed the normal state of "arrogance" and "angry words", shelved the dispute between nuclear weapons and Sadr, and launched active "ice-breaking" talks around the Winter Olympics in a "double pause" posture, which achieved many results. For example, the DPRK and the ROK will jointly hold the flag of the Korean Peninsula at the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics, the Korean art troupe will perform the opening ceremony in South Korea, and the DPRK and the ROK have expressed their positive will to improve the bilateral relations in the future … …

　　At the same time of close interaction between the DPRK and the ROK, the United States began to "pour cold water" on the slowly warming DPRK-ROK relations.

　　US President Donald Trump confirmed last month that he would send Vice President Burns as the head of the US delegation to attend the PyeongChang Winter Olympics. However, it is not known what attitude Burns will take to intervene in the situation on the Korean Peninsula. A White House official said that Burns believed that the DPRK wanted to use the Winter Olympics to "engage in propaganda activities" and he intended to "show up" at the Winter Olympics to "offset" the DPRK’s influence and self-promotion efforts.

　　According to Washington post, Burns will invite a "special guest", namely Fred, the father of the late American college student Otto Warmbier, to visit Korea. Otto Warmbier was charged and convicted of conspiring to subvert the state in North Korea, and was detained for more than a year. He was released to China in June last year, but he was in a coma and died a few days later. This incident once prompted the State Council to issue a travel ban to the DPRK.

　　It is also reported that US President Trump’s daughter ivanka will lead a presidential delegation to attend the closing ceremony of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics. Some South Korean media analysts said that if ivanka really attended the closing ceremony of PyeongChang Winter Olympics as reported by CNN, and Kim Jong-un’s younger sister Jin Yuzheng also went south for a pre-meeting, it might be possible for them to meet in the closing ceremony of Winter Olympics.

　　The DPRK, the United States and South Korea are playing hot, and Japan is also joining in the fun. According to the news released by the Japanese government on the 3rd, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe will meet with Burns before attending the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics, suggesting that the US-South Korea joint military exercise should not be scaled down after the Winter Olympics.

　　… …

　　The Korean Peninsula crisis has lasted for more than 20 years, and the biggest obstacle is the "return to Asia-Pacific strategy" of the United States. However, this "door-to-door talk" between the DPRK and the ROK is a sincere attempt by the DPRK. It is hoped that with the efforts of all parties, the stability of the DPRK and the ROK will be further developed, and the rare "warm drama" between the DPRK and the ROK will not become a "farce" with no end in some countries. (Text/Cheng Xiang)

Author: Hongge comes from Medical Wechat WeChat official account.

　 　　 　　　Recent epidemic situation in ChinaIn the process of getting up, there are some situations that deserve our attention.the most importantIsFalse negatives in nucleic acid detection. Intercepting relevant news, it was found that 8 confirmed patients in Shijiazhuang on the 22nd were repeatedly negative for nucleic acid detection, and 5 confirmed patients in Shijiazhuang on the 24th were repeatedly negative for nucleic acid detection.

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　 　On the 22nd, there were 11 new confirmed cases in Shijiazhuang, including:

Case 1: Male, 52 years old, from Huangjiazhuang Village. On the evening of 21st.Ninth nucleic acid positive;

Case 2: Male, 13 years old, Niujiazhuang Village. On the evening of the 21st.Nine times nucleic acid positive;

Case 3: Female, 11 years old, Zhongyao Village. On the evening of the 21st.Nine times nucleic acid positive;

Case 4: Male, 49 years old, Nanqiaozhai Village. On the evening of 21st.Ninth nucleic acid positive;

Case 5: Male, 47 years old, Niujiazhuang Village. On the evening of 21st.Ninth nucleic acid positive;

Case 6: Female, 65 years old, Niujiazhuang Village. On the evening of 21st.Ninth nucleic acid positive;

Case 7: Male, 11 years old, grandson of Case 6. On the evening of 21st.Ninth nucleic acid positive;

Case 11: Male, 67 years old, Xiaoguozhuang Village, husband of Case 2 on January 7th. On January 3, it was transferred to centralized isolation medical observation; On the evening of 21st.11th nucleic acid detectionFinally positive;

On the 24th, there were 7 new confirmed cases in Shijiazhuang:

Case 1: Female, 65 years old, Nanqiaozhai Village. Centralized isolation on the 11 th.Nucleic acid after 9 times, 22 positive.

Case 2: Female, 4 years old, Nanqiaozhai Village. Centralized isolation on the 11 th.Nucleic acid after 9 times, 22 positive.

Case 3: Female, 4 years old, Mi Jie, Chang ‘an District. Centralized isolation on the 13 th.Nucleic acid after 8 times, 23 positive.

Case 4: Female, 64 years old, Xiaoguozhuang Village. Centralized isolation on the 10 th.After 11 nucleic acids, 24 positive.

Case 5: Male, 34 years old, Xiaoguozhuang Village. Centralized isolation on the 8 th.After 11 nucleic acids, 24 positive.

Case 6: 34-year-old female, Liujiazuo Village, was positive for nucleic acid on the 5th, was diagnosed as asymptomatic infection on the 6th, and was clinically confirmed on the 24th.

Case 7: A 28-year-old male, living in Yuhua District, went to work by car at Zhengding Airport on weekdays. He was diagnosed as asymptomatic infected with nucleic acid on the 5th, and was clinically confirmed on the 24th.

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Since the outbreak of COVID-19 last year, the topic of high false negative rate of nucleic acid detection has been the focus of attention. It has been reported that the positive rate of Covid-19 detection by fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR is only 30%-50% at present, which leads to extremely high false negative rate.

For Hongge, who doesn’t know much about the test, this paper analyzes the relatively high false negative test by searching articles and documents, and summarizes some reasons to discuss with you.

First, the incidence of COVID-19 suggests that it is highly possible to collect positive samples in a proper time.

Academician Yuan Guoyong’s team conducted this cohort study in Hong Kong Princess Margaret Hospital and Queen Mary Hospital. From January 22 to February 12, 2020, 23 hospitalized patients who were diagnosed as COVID-19 by laboratory examination of nasopharyngeal or sputum specimens were screened in the two hospitals.

A total of 173 respiratory specimens were collected from 23 patients. The researchers used RT-QCPR to determine the viral load in the samples. The results showed that the median viral load of respiratory tract samples was 5.2 log10 copies /mL (interquartile range was 4.1-7.0), and only 3 patients (13%) did not detect Covid-19 RNA in saliva samples.

The researchers observed that,The viral load in saliva was the highest in the first week after the patient developed symptoms, and then gradually decreased.Eight days after the patient developed symptoms, airway extracts were collected, and there was no obvious downward trend in viral load. Of the 21 patients who did not die,Seven people (33%) could still detect viral RNA after 20 days of symptoms, but this was not related to the severity of the disease.

▲ Changes of viral load in saliva (blue line) and airway extract (red line) of all 23 patients. Abscissa D- days after symptoms appear; S/E- number of saliva/airway samples.

AprilAccording to a study published in Nature Medicine, COVID-19 patients are most infectious before symptoms appear, and they begin to shed SARS-CoV-2 2 2-3 days before the first symptoms appear.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0869-5

The study, led by Eric Lau of the University of Hong Kong, involved 94 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, China, 50% of whom were male, with a median age of 47 years. Among them, 61 of 93 patients were mild. Specifically, the researchers collected the throat swabs of 94 COVID-19 patients who were treated in the Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, China from January 21st to February 14th. From the onset of symptoms to 23 days after onset, 414 throat swabs were collected.

The results show that the researchers areThe high viral load was detected shortly after the patient developed symptoms, and then gradually decreased to the detection limit around the 21st day.There is no significant difference in viral load among different sexes, age groups and disease severity.

In addition, the researchers also analyzed 77 samples of "transmission pairs" from public data to assess how much time passed between the onset of symptoms in each patient. It assumes that the median incubation period (the time from infection to symptoms) is 5.2 days.The research team concluded that infectivity began 2.3 days before symptoms appeared, and peaked 0.7 days before symptoms appeared.

In the sensitivity analysis, the same estimation procedure is used, but assuming that the infectious attack is unchanged 1-7 days before the symptom occurs, thenIt was found that the infectivity reached its peak 0-2 days before the onset of symptoms, and the transmission ratio before the onset of symptoms was 46% to 55%.

The study also found that,The virus may start shedding 2-3 days before the first symptoms appear.After the symptoms appear, the viral load in the patient’s body decreases faster. This is consistent with the results of two recent studies. On April 1st, teams from Munich, Germany, Berlin and Cambridge, England published the article "Viro logical assessment of hospital patients with Covid-2019" on Nature. It was found that the shedding peak of Covid-19 occurred in the early upper respiratory tract infection.This shows that virus carriers may be the most infectious when they have mild symptoms or almost no obvious symptoms.

Brother Hong:From the above two documents, we can draw a conclusion that the virus shed and spread 2-3 days before the symptoms appear after infection, and after the symptoms appear, with the passage of time,The viral load of throat swab decreases gradually, and the viral load detected within 7 days after symptoms. If symptoms have existed for more than 20 days, the reliability of negative conclusion of throat swab is poor.

Solution:We need to publicize the law of the new crown to the people and medical workers, and improve our vigilance against COVID-19. It is best for patients to see a doctor in time, and doctors can also suspect this possibility. Only at the right time can we collect high-content samples and diagnose and control them in time.

Second, accurate sampling strategy is the best means to reduce false negative results.

In February, a study published by Medrxir, a pre-printed website, collected respiratory tract samples such as nasal swab, throat swab, sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients diagnosed with COVID-19, and included 213 Covid-19-infected patients admitted to the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen from January 11th to February 3rd, 2020, who were diagnosed by Guangdong CDC. A total of 866 respiratory tract samples, including 490 nasal swabs, 205 throat swabs, 142 sputum samples and 29 BALF samples, were collected at the time of admission and after each time point. According to the collection date, the samples were divided into 0~7 days, 8~14 days and ≥15 days after onset. According to the guidelines on prevention and treatment of Covid-19 infection issued by National Health Commission, patients were divided into severe and mild cases.

Three groups were divided according to the sample collection time after onset, and the viral nucleic acid was quantitatively determined.The positive rate of viral nucleic acid in sputum samples was the highest in the group of 0~7 days after onset.The positive rates of severe and mild cases were 88.9% and 82.2% respectively.Followed by a nasal swab.(73.3% and 72.1% respectively),The throat swab again.(60.0% and 61.3% respectively). In mild cases, the positive rate of nasal swab and sputum samples is similar.

The positive rate of BLAF samples collected from 8 to 14 days after the onset of severe cases was 100%.However, the BALF samples of 3 mild cases were negative. In all cases, the positive rate of sputum samples was the highest in the 8~14 days after onset, which was much higher than that of nasal swab and throat swab. It is worth noting that the positive rate of throat swab in severe patients is only 50%, and that in mild patients is only 29.6%.

In the group ≥15 days after onset,The positive rates of BALF, sputum and nasal swab from severe cases were similar. In mild cases, the positive rate of sputum and nasal swab is similar, which is much higher than that of throat swab.

For the diagnosis of viral nucleic acid in COVID-19’s patients,Sputum samples are the most accurate, followed by nasal swabs. It is not recommended to collect throat swabs for diagnosis.

The difference between oropharyngeal swab and nasopharyngeal swab

anusswab

Brother Hong:

1. Oropharyngeal swab is the least painful and most acceptable, but it has to bear the consequences of high false negative results. My suggestion is to use it according to the epidemic risk in the first epidemic area.

2. The positive rate of nasopharyngeal swab is higher than that of oropharyngeal swab, which is why nasopharyngeal swab is introduced into laboratory examination in the fifth edition of Diagnosis and Treatment Plan for Pneumonia Infected by Covid-19 (the fourth edition is still pharyngeal swab). If we want to pursue accuracy, it is suggested to use it, or to use it when screening people in close contact or sub-close contact. At present, the examination of returnees in domestic reports seems to be nasopharyngeal swab method.

3. Alveolar lavage fluid can’t be used for screening in the general population, so it is suggested that hospitals with ICU should use it for screening severe pneumonia patients living in ICU for COVID-19 patients.

4. Deep expectoration seems to be the best sample, but many patients in COVID-19 have a dry cough, which may not be possible.

5、anusSwabs were used in Daxing epidemic in Beijing, which is the first time to use this method in the screening process. In some literatures,anusAlthough the positive rate of swabs is not high, as I remember, it seems to be more than 10%, but it does not seem to coincide with the patients with oropharyngeal swabs, suggesting that the virus may attack the gastrointestinal tract, and also suggesting that there may be the possibility of gastrointestinal transmission in Covid-19. Although the initial symptoms of some patients are gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea, there are also ACE2 receptors in the digestive tract, which is theoretically possible, but it has not been confirmed at present. So,anusMy suggestion is that swabs can only be used as a supplement to nasopharyngeal swabs, and it is better to select patients whose first symptoms are digestive tract symptoms more accurately, which is unlikely to be used as a means of large-scale screening.

Solution:It is best for National Health Commission to issue a guiding document for large-scale screening, and make detailed regulations on what population and what sampling methods to adopt under what circumstances.,When local governments encounter an outbreak in COVID-19, it’s best to ask professionals to act as consultants and make choices according to the actual situation.

Third, the consistency of sampling ability of sampling personnel affects the sampling results.

Garbage in, garbage out (garbage samples produce garbage results), which is a sentence that inspectors often say.

The sampling team is huge, and the ability of sampling personnel must be uneven. In addition, people may have such fears about sampling, which often leads to unqualified samples.

Generally, there is an internal standard in the molecular diagnostic reagent to monitor the detection process, for example, RNaseP is used as the internal standard. If both the sample response curve and the internal standard response curve displayed by the fluorescence PCR platform do not jump, it means that the quality of the collected samples may have problems or false negatives may occur due to improper experimental operation, which needs to attract the attention of medical workers. The RNaseP internal standard can monitor the sample collection and ensure the accuracy of the test results.

Note: RNaseP is ribonuclease P, which is one of the most important ribozymes in human body. It is ubiquitous in all organs, tissues and cells of human body, and can detect RNA nucleic acid fragments from human body samples, and can also be used as an internal standard.

And I privately asked the relevant person in charge of our city’s temporary inspection center. He told me that every day in our hospital, some samples were told that they needed to be re-sampled because the internal standard did not jump. Imagine that you didn’t wipe down a few cells in your throat swab collection, so will the negative of this nucleic acid be accurate?

Solution:Consistency training for nucleic acid sampling personnel will greatly reduce the human influence, and it is easier to standardize the sampling process by taking such sampling methods as nasopharyngeal swab. Our city seems to have trained the nucleic acid emergency sampling team very early. What about your city?

In addition, if in the environment of large-scale nucleic acid sampling, when testing under the standard of 5-mixed 1 and 10-mixed 1, according to the above principle of internal standard, it seems that there is no single-tube ability in the quality control of internal standard. Therefore, especially those in the emergency sampling team, we must pay attention to the standard sampling methods and remember to collect qualified samples as much as possible.

Fourth, choose the right oneSampling device

The virus preservation tube mainly consists of a sampling swab and a virus nucleic acid preservation tube (containing virus nucleic acid preservation solution). There are many kinds of virus preservation tubes on the market at present.It is very important for epidemic prevention and disease diagnosis to choose the appropriate virus preservation tube, reduce the infection risk of medical inspectors as much as possible, and keep the virus RNA stable without degradation..

The preservation solution UTM used in traditional virus collection tubes is based on Hank’s solution, with gentamicin, fungal antibiotics, BSA (V), cryoprotectant, biological buffer and amino acids added. Its main purpose is to maintain the virus activity within a certain temperature range, so that it is convenient for health and epidemic prevention departments to further isolate, culture and trace the virus and determine the pathogen. This kind of non-inactivated tube, which I call it, is good for further work, but the sameLive virus increases the infection risk of medical staff in the whole process of sample collection, transportation and testing!Personally, I think this kind of sampling tube for inactivated virus should be a better choice for disease control sampling.

And clinicalIn order to achieve the purpose of rapid detection, it is not necessary to cultivate the virus, but only to crack the virus, so as long as the integrity and stability of the virus nucleic acid can be guaranteed.nowCommonly known as inactivation tube.Many inactivation tubes in China are used.The inactivation component is guanidine salt, which is in this inactivation tube in our hospital.Guanidine salt can crack the virus, but it can’t protect the integrity of nucleic acid for a long time.The virus nucleic acid may have been degraded during the delivery of the sample to the laboratory, which will also cause a "false negative" in the detection. Many studies show that both temperature and time can affect the test results, so the COVID-19 Laboratory Testing Guide has clear requirements for samples to be tested within 24 hours after collection and transported at 4 degrees Celsius. If it is necessary to exceed 24 hours, it should be stored at -70 degrees Celsius.

And some manufacturers put forward another inactivation tube, a kind of.containNon-guanidine saltThe virus preservation tube containing protein denaturant can inactivate the virus and ensure the preservation of virus nucleic acid at room temperature.And the virus nucleic acid is stably stored for 7 days.Does not degrade.

Solution:

1, from sampling to testing, it is necessary to mark the time, so that quality control can be carried out on the preservation time, which is basically no problem in a better hospital.

2. For the front-line staff to do the corresponding training, they should know the advantages and disadvantages of various types of preservation tubes and adopt the best sampling tubes suitable for local conditions.

3. It is best for the country to recommend the selection of sampling tubes with the support of relevant experimental data.

5. Failure of reagents caused by virus mutation?

After the virus mutation in South Africa, Britain, Brazil and other places, there have been cases that turned positive after ten tests in various parts of the world, including China.The FDA recently warned that virus mutation has caused some reagents to fail, and listed several kits that may be affected by mutation. This means that virus mutation may have led to the failure of some nucleic acid detection or persistent false negative.

The FDA listed several kits that may be affected by mutation:

Accula SARS-Cov-2 detection (Mesa Biotech): If the virus mutates at the 28881st base (GGG to AAC), the detection of this kit will be affected;

TaqPath COVID-19 Combo Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific): This kit detects three genes at the same time, and the variant B.1.1.7 appearing in Britain will affect one of the detection results;

Linea COVID-19 detection (Applied DNA Sciences): This kit detects two genes at the same time, and the variant B.1.1.7 appearing in Britain will affect one of the detection results;

Helix, an American company doing nucleic acid detection, also noticed the influence of virus mutation on detection. The company’s nucleic acid detection simultaneously detected three Covid-19 genes: ORF1ab, N, and S. Because the B.1.1.7 strain that appeared in Britain had deletion mutation in S gene, ORF1ab and N could be detected in the detection, but S gene could not be detected (4). This phenomenon is called "S gene withdrawal".

In addition, the sensitivity of reagents from different manufacturers to COVID-19 is different, and the country also organized a national evaluation of reagents last year. butIn an evaluation study on the consistency and detection ability of seven domestic novel coronavirus nucleic acid detection kits published by Chinese Journal of Laboratory Medicine in July, 2020, it was proposed that "some kits have poor detection ability for weakly positive samples,It is suggested that weak positive samples should be rechecked by kits from at least two manufacturers to ensure the accuracy of the results."

Several targets of nucleic acid detection in Covid-19 are ORF1ab gene, N gene and S gene.

In the Technical Guide for Laboratory Detection of Pneumonia Infected in novel coronavirus issued by China CDC (hereinafter referred to as the Technical Guide), the two targets of nucleic acid detection in Covid-19 are ORF1ab gene and N gene respectively.

On January 6th, the Weekly Report of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention published the results of gene sequencing analysis of two cases of Covid-19 infection in Shijiazhuang and Xingtai. According to the published results, the strain prevalent in Gaocheng, Hebei Province, is different from the strain found in other places in China recently, and is homologous to the strain reported in Russia last July, belonging to strain B.1.1.123

Coincidentally, the mutation happened at the 28881 ~ 28883 bases of the virus gene of this strain, and this is exactly the position of the forward primer of the N gene!

This also explains why there were many negative results at that time.

I guess this is one of the reasons why the criteria for judging nucleic acid positivity have also changed.The judgment position that the single target is still positive after retest is positive.

Figure/Current Criteria for Judging Positive Cases in Technical Guide

Solution:

1. Require manufacturers of nucleic acid reagents to conduct confirmatory experiments on the current mutant strains and propose technical solutions.

2, all localities should introduce at least two kinds of better quality detection reagents, for control use.

3. Information about the failure of test reagents that may be caused by mutated viruses should be effectively and widely reported in domestic laboratories.

Six, the standard implementation in the process of laboratory testing

the pastAccording to the guidelines issued by relevant institutions, the collected samples need to be inactivated at 56℃ before nucleic acid detection, which is very likely to degrade the Covid-19 nucleic acid, which will lead to the failure of normal detection and ultimately improve the false negative rate.In the early daysInactivation treatment is carried out for the sake of biological safety, to protect the staff engaged in testing from virus infection.

But later, there were many voices of doubt in the academic circles, becauseViral RNA is easily degraded by ribonuclease, because this enzyme has the highest activity at 60℃. Ribonuclease comes from two aspects, one is the sample cells, and the other is the foreign pollutants in the process of collection, preservation and transportation.

Last February, there was a similar research article.The high-temperature inactivation process before virus nucleic acid extraction significantly reduces the amount of detectable virus nucleic acid templates, which has been pre-published on the platform of scientific papers of China Academy of Sciences.

And last May,The Journal of Clinical Chemistry published the research of Chinese scholars on Covid-19’s false negative test.The study confirmed that,Thermal inactivation can cause the increase of Ct value reflected by PCR and cause false negative results.Specifically, 46.7%(7/15) of the weakly positive samples were false negative after inactivation (a surprising proportion). Another inactivation method is to inactivate the virus by dissolving the virus protein with guanidine hydrochloride. This study confirmed that guanidine hydrochloride had little effect on PCR reaction, and the false negative rate was low, although there was also a false negative rate of 13.3%(2/15).

Related address: https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/66/6/794/5815979

I also inquired whether there was a 56-degree inactivation step in the detection process of CDC in the United States. Although my English ability was poor, I didn’t see this step by machine translation.

Including some other documents retrieved, it is also very clear that 56-degree inactivation does have a great influence on weakly positive specimens.

No matter the Manual of Nucleic Acid Detection in Medical Institutions in novel coronavirus (Trial) on July 13th, 2020 or the Manual of Nucleic Acid Detection in Medical Institutions in novel coronavirus (Trial 2nd Edition) on December 30th, 2020, there are corresponding descriptions.For the laboratory that has been inactivated with the sampling tube containing guanidine salt, there is no need to inactivate at 56 degrees for 30 minutes.This is only true if non-inactivated sampling tubes are used.

However, I learned from the familiar laboratory leaders that this is not the case. Many laboratories still require samples to be pretreated at 56 degrees for 30 minutes regardless of whether the tubes are inactivated or not. I can understand that they are worried about hospital infection and laboratory exposure. But generally speaking, reducing the false negative rate, increasing the detection amount and taking corresponding measures to control the epidemic situation as soon as possible, I think the corresponding suggestions in the corresponding guidelines are also the best choice from the overall situation and supported by data.

Our laboratory should not control the occurrence of hospital sensation and laboratory exposure at the expense of reducing the detection rate, but should focus on stricter control of experimental steps, more cautious PPE wear and higher laboratory environment.

Solution:

1. It is suggested that the state give special instructions to laboratories at all levels on this matter.

2. It is suggested that the country should further study the preservation solution of sampling tubes, and if there is any preservation solution that can not reduce the detection rate at 56 degrees for 30 minutes, it can also be recommended.

The above zero zero always said a lot of points, mainly about how to reduce false negative conclusions, hoping to give you a reference.

It’s been many days since I wrote this afternoon, mainly considering Spring Festival travel rush. Although the scale of Spring Festival travel rush is reported to have dropped by more than 75% this year compared with previous years, the population flow is still very strong. We may face the rising trend of an epidemic after Spring Festival travel rush, and how to make the work better may be a more urgent need before us.

　　Hubei Daily News (Reporter Wang Jing, arel) On December 30th, Ying Yong, secretary of the provincial party committee, presided over a forum to listen to the opinions and suggestions of grassroots party member cadres, heads of enterprises and universities and representatives of non-party people. Ying Yong stressed that it is necessary to conscientiously study and implement the spirit of the important speech delivered by the Supreme Leader General Secretary at the the Political Bureau of the Central Committee Special Democratic Life Conference, earnestly increase historical self-confidence, promote unity and unity, and enhance the spirit of struggle. Taking this democratic life conference as an important test of adhering to the "two establishments" and "two maintenances", we should further strengthen party leadership and party building, unite the wisdom and strength of the whole province, and provide for accelerating "building a fulcrum, walking in the forefront, and writing a new chapter"

　　At the forum, Huang Keli, secretary of Gucheng County Committee of Xiangyang City; Peng Qiang, secretary of Shengli Town, Luotian County, Huanggang City; Dong Shouzhi, secretary of Xiqiao Community, Tangjiadun Street, Jianghan District, Wuhan City; Wu Jing, secretary and chairman of Hubei Cultural Tourism Group Co., Ltd.; Jiang Liping, chairman of the provincial committee of Taiwan League and president of the provincial Taiwan Federation; Zheng Jun, member of the Central Committee of the Chinese Revolutionary Committee and president of Hubei Second Normal College; and Zhu Mei, full-time vice chairman of the provincial committee of the NLD. Tong Jinnan, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and director of the State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology of China Geo University (Wuhan), put forward opinions and suggestions on accelerating the development of county economy, improving the ability of grassroots cadres, deepening party building to lead grassroots governance, promoting the reform of provincial state-owned enterprises, continuously optimizing the business environment, and strengthening the training and use of non-party cadres. You should listen and take notes, interrupt from time to time, and discuss and communicate with you.

　　After listening carefully to the speech, Ying Yong said that everyone put forward good opinions and suggestions from various fields and aspects in combination with the actual work, which will help the provincial party Committee to grasp the facts, improve its work, better implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, and help the Standing Committee of the provincial party Committee to hold a special democratic life meeting. We will listen carefully and fully absorb it, and take practical and effective measures to do a good job and promote implementation.

　　Ying Yong pointed out that under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core and under the scientific guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, Hubei has made decisive achievements in epidemic prevention and control and post-epidemic revitalization. It is a vivid and concrete educational practice for Hubei to hand over the qualified answer sheet for the Great War Examination, which is to strengthen the "four consciousnesses", strengthen the "four self-confidences" and achieve the "two maintenance". It is necessary to profoundly understand the decisive significance and role of the "Two Establishments", and deeply understand that resolutely safeguarding the core of the CPC Central Committee and the core of the whole party is the key to the party’s consensus and decisive choice at major moments, and it is an important guarantee for the party’s unity and victory. Constantly improve political judgment, political understanding and political execution, and always maintain a high degree of consistency with the CPC Central Committee.

　　Ying Yong stressed that it is necessary to thoroughly study and implement the spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference, hold democratic life meetings with high quality and high standards, further strengthen the party’s political construction, guide the vast number of party member cadres in the province to learn wisdom and strength from the party’s century-long struggle history, vigorously carry forward the great spirit of party building, practice the initial mission, bravely move forward, do good deeds, do their best, effectively deal with the uncertainty of the external environment with the certainty of their own development, and continue to write about the high quality of Hubei’s economy and society.

　　Dong Weimin, member of the Standing Committee of the Provincial Party Committee and Secretary General, attended the forum.

The 14th Press Conference on Epidemic Prevention and Control in COVID-19, Hainan Province.
(February 19, 2020)

Ru Yingying:

Hello, ladies and gentlemen! At present, the epidemic prevention and control work has reached a very critical period. In order to further strengthen the popularization of protection knowledge and ensure the safety of those who return to work and resume production, the Information Office of Hainan Province held the 14th news conference on the epidemic prevention and control work in COVID-19, Hainan Province, and invited Mr. Sun Shaoke, deputy director of the Provincial Big Data Administration, Mr. Chen Jianhong, spokesman of the Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, and Mr. Jin Yuming and Mr. He Bin, chief physicians of the Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, to answer your questions around the theme of "knowledge of epidemic prevention and control in different industries and populations".

First of all, please ask Chen Jianhong, spokesman of the Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, to report the latest epidemic situation.

Chen Jianhong:

First, the latest epidemic situation

From 00: 00 to 12: 00 on February 19th, 2020, novel coronavirus was reported by Hainan Province, and there were no newly confirmed cases, severe cases, deaths and discharged cases.

By 12: 00 on February 19th, Hainan Province had reported 163 confirmed cases, 9 severe cases, 4 deaths and 79 discharged cases in novel coronavirus. Among the confirmed cases, there are 34 cases in Haikou, 54 cases in Sanya, 15 cases in Danzhou, 3 cases in Wenchang, 6 cases in qionghai city, 13 cases in Wanning, 3 cases in Dongfang, 9 cases in Chengmai, 6 cases in Lingao, 7 cases in Changjiang, 4 cases in Lingshui, 3 cases in Ding ‘an, 3 cases in Baoting, 2 cases in Ledong and 1 case in Qiongzhong.

By 12: 00 on February 19th, 5,280 close contacts had been tracked, 4,196 people had been released from medical observation, and 1,084 people were still under centralized medical observation.

Second, the daily epidemiological risk warning (February 19)

In recent years, the number of newly diagnosed cases in our province has remained low continuously, and the number of discharged cases has increased significantly. However, due to the recent resumption of work and other factors, if the prevention and control measures are not in place, there may be epidemic fluctuations in the future. The prevention and control suggestions are as follows:

1 prevention and control departments at all levels should strengthen the epidemic monitoring and related prevention and control measures after the resumption of work. In particular, key areas such as Haikou and Sanya should strengthen prevention and control.

2. Try to go to work at the wrong time, arrange shifts flexibly, prohibit gatherings and dinners, implement a meal sharing system, clean up the working and living environment, reduce the living density and strengthen ventilation.

Ru Yingying:Next, please answer the questions that journalists and netizens care about.

Q:Our province launched the health code system on February 18th. Could you tell us something about it?

Sun Shaoke:

Thank you for your question. I will break your question down into twelve sub-questions to answer.

(1) What is Hainan Health Code?

Hainan Health One Code System is a personal two-dimensional code generated by comparing and verifying the health data declared by residents or people returning to work, combined with epidemic prevention big data information.

(2) What is the meaning of "three colors" of Hainan health code?

A green code indicates that there are no symptoms at present. According to local management requirements, you can check the bright code of body temperature. The yellow code and the red code do not meet the traffic conditions for epidemic control, and they can travel normally only after being converted into green codes.

(3) What are the differences between the green code, the yellow code and the red code?

Health codes are divided into three colors: red, yellow, green, yellow and red.

1. When the access control at the bayonet or the enterprise returns to work, the green code personnel can pass by the code and go to work normally. Those who receive the red code and the yellow code need to be isolated according to the regulations and make a daily health punch card. When the conditions are met, they will be turned into green codes.

2. In principle, the "red code" personnel who entered Qiong shall be advised to return or delayed to Qiong. "Yellow code" personnel shall be observed at home or in centralized isolation according to regulations. Display "green code", and pass the release after bright code and temperature measurement.

(4) How to apply for a green health code?

Users don’t have a health code by default. Please apply for it through government service APP, government big data WeChat official account, Coconut City Minyun, Alipay and WeChat scan code, and punch in your daily health card. The system will automatically assign you a health code of corresponding color according to your health information.

(5) How can the red code/yellow code be converted into green code?

Code red and code yellow personnel must punch in the registration information for 14 consecutive days and meet the relevant conditions before they can turn into green codes.

(6) What are the functions and functions of Hainan health code?

Hainan health code can be applied and popularized in multiple scenarios, which can improve work efficiency and control quality. In management scenarios such as grid worker’s door-to-door inspection, community gate inspection, unit enterprise’s return to work registration, road traffic checkpoint inspection, fever clinic, fever medicine purchase, etc., people’s personal health code can be directly scanned, information can be collected without contact, reporting is convenient, and data can be shared and utilized, which is conducive to rapid epidemic prevention work.

(seven) the scope of application of Hainan health code?

Hainan health code is applicable to those who are in Hainan and those who are waiting to enter Hainan.

(eight) Hainan health code which occasions need to be used?

During the epidemic prevention and control period, the health code can be used as an electronic passport for work, study and life in Joan. Please take the initiative to show it to cooperate with the inspection when necessary. In addition, the health code can also be used in scenes such as hospitals, pharmacies and enterprises returning to work and production.

(9) What is the significance of Hainan health code for enterprises to resume work and production?

Grasp the real-time health status of employees through employee health codes, effectively arrange work for different people, and reduce the risk of epidemic spread caused by gathering; At the same time, it is also conducive to effectively evaluating the risk of enterprises’ resumption of production and work, better balancing the relationship between epidemic prevention and control and enterprises’ resumption of production through health code, and promoting the orderly development of social economy.

(10) Where can I register to check the health code?

The health code system has been provided in platforms such as Hainan Government Service APP, Hainan Government Big Data WeChat official account, Coconut City Minyun, Alipay, etc. Citizens can scan the code and log in through Alipay, Coconut City Minyun APP, WeChat, mobile browser and other channels.

(11) Can health codes only be used by Hainan natives? Can I use it from other places?

The health registration function is used for personal self-help online health status report. No matter local residents, people who have returned to Qionglai from other provinces or Hubei Province, they can register their own health by punching in the health registration function of the health code.

(12) How to consult if there are problems in the use of health codes?

Members of the public can call the Hainan 12345 government service hotline to ask questions related to health codes.

Q:Yesterday, our province issued "Ten Measures for Migrant Workers to Work in Provincial Key Projects and Key Projects during the Epidemic Prevention and Control Period", and construction sites in our province will start one after another. How to do a good job in epidemic prevention and control after the construction sites resume work?

He Bin:

After the construction site resumes work, all parties involved in the construction should implement the main responsibility of prevention and control, strictly do a good job in epidemic prevention and control, and file a record for future reference.

(1) Personnel control requirements.

1, completes the personnel registration;

2, do a good job in all field personnel temperature detection;

3. Do a good job in reporting the causes of absenteeism;

4. Make emergency response.

(2) Requirements for control on the construction site.

1. The construction enterprise shall set up temperature detection points at the entrance and exit of the construction site, and all personnel must have temperature detection when entering the construction site. Persons with body temperature greater than or equal to 37.3℃ should be sent to the isolation observation dormitory in time for further isolation observation. After resting in the isolation observation dormitory for 10 minutes, if the body temperature is still greater than or equal to 37.3℃, appropriate protective measures should be taken and sent to the fever clinic designated by the health department in time. All personnel entering the site should wear masks and take personal protective measures. Decentralize pre-shift education, technical disclosure and other activities to reduce personnel gathering and meetings.

2. According to the relevant technical requirements, carry out ventilation, disinfection and epidemic prevention work on the construction site, office and living areas (site canteens, dormitories, toilets and other places) and other personnel activities.

3, strict implementation of food procurement, processing, storage and other health standards, not illegal slaughter, disposal of wild animals, and effectively protect food safety. The canteen on the construction site can take measures such as separate meals and wrong meals, and it is forbidden for people to have dinner.

4, do a good job in the classification of domestic waste, in strict accordance with the requirements of the disposal of discarded masks and other medical protective equipment waste.

5, the construction site should be related to health and epidemic prevention education into the approach and daily pre-job education, fully launch the publicity and education of novel coronavirus related knowledge, take measures such as posting health and epidemic prevention advertisements in a prominent position in the construction site and living quarters, and improve the prevention and control awareness of field personnel.

6, the implementation of epidemic prevention and control work to implement the daily system and emergency reporting system.

Q:How do migrant workers and other migrant workers do personal protection?

He Bin:

(a) before returning to the city, to carry out temperature measurement, to ensure that there is no abnormal increase in body temperature.

(2) Measure your body temperature before going to work every day on weekdays and make records. If you have symptoms such as fever and cough, you should be isolated in time and seek medical treatment.

(three) when many people work together in the workplace, each person should wear a mask.

(4) Wear masks on the way to the workplace, and keep a certain distance between people.

(five) collective dormitory ventilation frequently, the distance between beds is more than 1 meter, daily cleaning, timely cleaning of garbage, and thorough cleaning and cleaning of the dormitory every week.

(6) Take meals at the wrong time to avoid dinner. Clean the restaurant thoroughly after each meal, with no food residue on the dining table and no sanitary corner on the ground, and remove the kitchen garbage in time. Clean and disinfect the used tableware in time.

(seven) keep the public toilet ventilated. Sanitary cleaning shall be carried out at any time every day, and the floor and walls shall be kept clean. There shall be no dirt in the sink and no feces and dirt accumulation in the urinal. Disinfect urinals every day.

(eight) wear a mask when traveling daily, and do not litter or spit when going out. When sneezing, cover your nose and mouth with paper towels, or use elbows and arms to keep a certain distance from others, and do not move in crowded places. Do a good job of hand hygiene after going out and returning.

Q:How to prevent and control the epidemic situation in the collective office after returning to work?

Jin Yuming:

(a) staff should do a good job of health monitoring, if there are suspicious symptoms of novel coronavirus infection (including fever, cough, sore throat, chest tightness, dyspnea, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, muscle aches, etc.), don’t go to work sick, you should report to the unit in time and go to the fever clinic for investigation.

(2) If suspicious symptoms of novel coronavirus infection are found, the staff should register and ask them to go to the nearest fever clinic for investigation.

(three) public goods and public contact items or parts should be cleaned and disinfected regularly.

(four) to maintain air circulation in the office. Ensure the normal operation of the air conditioning system or exhaust fan, clean the air conditioning filter regularly, and strengthen the ventilation by opening the window.

(five) the bathroom should be equipped with enough hand sanitizer to ensure the normal work of water supply facilities such as faucets.

(six) keep the environment clean, clean up the garbage in time.

Q:How do students protect themselves during the winter vacation and on the way back to school?

Jin Yuming:

(1) During the winter vacation.

1. Students who have a history of residence or travel in epidemic-prone areas (such as Wuhan) have been under medical observation at home or in designated places for 14 days since leaving the epidemic-prone areas.

2. Students from all over the country should stay at home as much as possible, reducing visits to relatives and friends, gatherings and dinners, and activities in crowded public places, especially in places with poor air mobility.

3. Students are advised to monitor their health every day and report to the designated person in charge of the community or school as required.

4. At the end of the winter vacation, students can return to school normally if they have no suspicious symptoms. If you have any suspicious symptoms, you should report them to the school or the guardian, and seek medical treatment in time, and then go back to school after recovery.

(2) On the way back to school

1. Wear medical surgical masks all the time when taking public transport.

2, keep hand hygiene at any time, reduce contact with tools of public goods and parts.

3. Do a good job in health monitoring during the trip, and take the initiative to measure your body temperature when you feel feverish.

4. Pay attention to the health status of the surrounding passengers and avoid close contact with people with suspicious symptoms.

5. If there are suspicious symptoms during the trip, you should take the initiative to put on a medical surgical mask, try to avoid contact with other people, and seek medical attention in time according to your condition.

6. If you need to see a doctor in a medical institution during the trip, you should take the initiative to tell the doctor about the travel and residence history of the relevant disease-endemic areas and cooperate with the doctor to carry out relevant investigations.

7. Keep the travel ticket information properly to cooperate with the investigation of possible close contacts.

Q:What are the suggestions for kindergartens (or schools) to prepare for returning to school after the outbreak?

Jin Yuming:

(1) Students who have lived or traveled in areas with high epidemic rates (such as Wuhan) before returning to school are advised to stay at home for 14 days before returning to school.

(2) Students should monitor their body temperature and health status every day after returning to school, try to reduce unnecessary going out and avoid contact with other people.

(3) When students are in close contact with other teachers and students, they should wear medical surgical masks correctly to minimize the scope of activities.

(IV) Schools should closely monitor students’ health status, measure their body temperature twice a day, and make records of absence, leaving early and taking leave. If suspicious symptoms are found among students, they should immediately report to the epidemic management personnel, and cooperate with medical and health institutions to do a good job in the management and disinfection of close contacts.

(5) Schools should try to avoid organizing large-scale collective activities. In classrooms, dormitories, libraries, activity centers, canteens, auditoriums, teachers’ offices, toilets and other activity areas, it is recommended to strengthen ventilation and cleaning, and equip them with hand sanitizers and hand disinfectants.

(six) the school to carry out online teaching, make-up classes for students who missed classes due to illness, for those who delayed the exam due to illness, make-up exams should be arranged and should not be recorded in the file.

Q:At present, farmers’ markets in our province have also resumed business one after another. How can farmers’ markets do a good job in epidemic prevention and control?

He Bin:

(a) the management department of farmers’ market should attach great importance to the prevention and control of epidemic situation, establish the working mechanism of epidemic situation prevention and control, formulate the prevention and control plan, refine the prevention and control measures, implement the prevention and control personnel, put the responsibilities in place, and divide the work among people.

(two) the management department of the farmer’s market should grasp the out-going situation and health status of all operators and relevant staff in the market 14 days before rework. People from high-incidence areas (such as villages, communities and streets with confirmed cases in Hubei Province) must be observed in isolation for 14 days before they can start business and rework. Other migrant workers who have passed the temperature and health examination can do business and rework.

(three) operators and staff in the market daily health monitoring, the establishment of body temperature monitoring register. Operators should maintain personal hygiene when providing services, wash their hands frequently and wear masks all the time.

(4) Strictly implement the system of inspection and acceptance of incoming goods and claiming tickets and certificates. Operators in farmers’ markets shall not purchase food and food raw materials that have no source or do not meet the requirements, and it is strictly forbidden to purchase and use meat and its products that have died of illness or the cause of death is unknown, and that have failed quarantine; It is forbidden to slaughter live livestock and poultry in captivity, to trade live poultry, to purchase and sell wild animals and their products.

(5) Market operators should carry out a general cleaning after the daily closing of their stalls, and clean the countertops, floors, sewers and storefronts with water to keep the stalls clean and tidy, so as to ensure that no sanitary corner is formed. Regularly spray and disinfect sewers, floors around stores, countertops, appliances and chopping boards. When cleaning and disinfecting, wear long water shoes, masks and waterproof gloves, and do a good job in personal hygiene protection. Pay attention to the ventilation of the place (mechanical ventilation is used when necessary). Public toilets should be kept clean and equipped with soap, hand sanitizer or alcohol-containing hand sanitizer to ensure the normal use of water supply facilities such as faucets. Strengthen garbage classification management, set up garbage bins with discarded masks, remove garbage in time, and keep the environment clean and hygienic.

(6) Do a good job in rodent control and pest control. Strengthen the management of garbage in farmers’ markets, require garbage transport vehicles and hand-propelled garbage collection vehicles to be stored and transported in a closed manner, and improve the level of garbage collection, transportation and treatment; Install anti-rat, anti-mosquito and anti-fly facilities. Ensure that the control level of rats, mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches (vectors) in the market meets the requirements of national standards.

(seven) the entrance of the farmer’s market to test the temperature of customers, if necessary, to re-test, to remind passengers to wear masks. People with fever reaching or exceeding 37.3℃ are not allowed to enter.

Q:How to ensure epidemic prevention and production and life in rural areas?

He Bin:

(a) have been to Hubei, relatives and friends from Hubei should promptly inform the village committee, family members, relatives and friends or their own fever, cough, chest tightness and other unwell symptoms, to report early, timely diagnosis and treatment. Wear a mask when going to crowded places, and wear a mask when coughing or having a fever. This is the simplest and most effective protective measure.

(two) clean up the sanitary corner, timely removal of garbage, do a good job in environmental sanitation, prevent mosquito and fly diseases. Do not spit everywhere, cover your nose and mouth with paper towels when coughing or sneezing, and wash your hands after handling.

(3) Wash your hands with soap or hand sanitizer for at least 15 seconds after coughing or sneezing, preparing food, defecating before and after meals, touching animals or handling animal droppings, and going out and returning home, paying attention to scrubbing every part in place.

(4) Open the doors and windows regularly to keep the air circulating at home. Exercise more, drink more water, get enough sleep, mix food with meat and vegetables, separate raw food from cooked food, and try to improve your immunity.

(five) livestock and poultry should be kept in captivity, cleaned and disinfected, and vaccinated in time. Do not hunt, kill, process, sell or eat wild animals and their products.

(six) support the work of township and village cadres, and cooperate with the registration and verification of epidemic prevention. Poverty alleviation cadres in the province, especially those at the grassroots level, should guide and help the poor to implement prevention and control measures to ensure that no one is left behind.

(7) Crowd gathering places are risky, so it is necessary to visit relatives and friends less, gather for dinner less, go to markets less, and go to crowded places less. Don’t attend village temple fairs, public meetings, etc.

(eight) if the body is abnormal or in close contact with the confirmed sick person, don’t hide it for fear of isolation. As long as the patients are found and isolated in time, the epidemic situation can be contained quickly. Don’t panic too much and don’t believe in rumors.

(nine) to develop good hygiene habits, don’t litter, especially the worn masks and related protective equipment. If it is possible, it should be centralized and harmless, and if it can’t be centralized, it should be burned by itself.

(ten) don’t refuse to check the temperature of the temporary epidemic prevention checkpoint. In response to the government’s call, migrant workers returned to the city in an orderly manner as required. Migrant workers should not bring live birds and other animals when they return to the city.

(eleven) the plan of the year lies in the spring, the epidemic situation should be prevented, and the production should not stop. We should do a good job in spring field management, spring ploughing and animal husbandry production.

Q:Can I order takeout during epidemic prevention?

Jin Yuming:

It is suggested that the take-away restaurant will distribute the containers containing food outside, and increase the frequency on the basis of the usual cleaning and disinfection requirements to disinfect the delivery staff’s vehicles. Do a good job of cleaning, disinfection and protection, and the possibility of virus transmission through take-away is relatively low. Be sure to wear a mask when taking takeout. It is suggested to carry out non-contact delivery, and inform the delivery staff to put the goods at the designated place, without the need for both parties to sign face to face. When taking takeout, you can bring disposable gloves, or use paper towels to separate your hands from the packaging bag. After taking the takeaway, you can remove the layers of packaging under the protection of gloves or paper towels and throw them into the trash can. Then use the soapbox flowing water to absorb it at the first time, or use antibacterial hand gel containing alcohol to clean your hands. However, we still suggest cooking by yourself and bringing meals. If you go to a restaurant or order takeout, it is recommended to order hot food instead of cold food; If possible, reheat the food before eating to ensure it is cooked thoroughly; Always remember to maintain hand hygiene, wash your hands before and after meals and after touching easily contaminated items.

Ru Yingying:thank you This concludes today’s press conference.

Li Keqiang emphasized during his inspection in Hebei.
Carry the responsibility of ensuring food and energy security
Provide solid support for stabilizing the economic market and stabilizing prices

Xinhua News Agency, Shijiazhuang, June 21st-On June 21st, The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) and Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, accompanied by Ni Yuefeng, secretary of Hebei Provincial Party Committee, and Wang Zhengpu, governor of Hebei Province, visited Gaobeidian and Zhuozhou. He stressed that under the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, we should implement the deployment of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, comprehensively implement the new development concept, effectively coordinate the prevention and control of epidemic situation and economic and social development, implement various policies to stabilize the economy, pay attention to solving problems with reform methods, seize the agricultural season to do a good job in harvesting summer sowing in summer, ensure the peak of energy supply, and provide solid support for stabilizing prices, protecting people’s livelihood and stabilizing the economic market.

On June 21st, The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) and Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China visited Gaobeidian and Zhuozhou in Hebei. This is Li Keqiang talking with grain farmers in the wheat field of Fangguan Town, Gaobeidian. Xinhua News Agency reporter Liu Weibing photo

In the wheat field of Fangguan Town, Li Keqiang talked with grain farmers, harvesters from other provinces and grain merchants. Everyone reported that this year’s wheat harvest was good and the grain was full, and Li Keqiang was very happy. He said that it is now a "bumper harvest in the field", and it is necessary to pay close attention to harvesting the "bumper harvest in hand" and do a good job in storing and storing the "bumper harvest in storage". Wheat is one of the main rations in Chinese, and the place where we are standing now is basically the last harvest stop in the main wheat producing areas of Huang-Huai-Hai. Overall, the national wheat production this year is higher than last year, and the harvest is a foregone conclusion. This reassured people and laid the foundation for stable grain production throughout the year. China’s grain supply is abundant, which is very important for stabilizing prices. To keep the economy running in a reasonable range, two important indicators are stable employment and stable prices, and food and energy are the basic supports for stabilizing prices. In recent years, we have been implementing a prudent monetary policy, and there is no excess currency. At present, the main indicators of monetary policy are in the normal range. It is very important to prevent inflation and leave room for flexible implementation of monetary policy in response to new challenges. This year’s bumper wheat harvest has guaranteed China’s own demand and the stability of China’s grain market, and to a certain extent, it has also contributed to the stability of the global grain market. Seeing farmers sowing corn by machine, Li Keqiang carefully examined the soil moisture. He said that if summer is late for one day and autumn is late for ten days, it is necessary to implement the summer sowing area, so as to ensure a bumper harvest of autumn grain and add weight to the national food security.

Li Keqiang came to Dapu Village, inspected the dried wheat, sat around and talked with the villagers, and worked out the cost and income of growing grain together. Everyone reported that the price of agricultural materials has increased this year, but the state has increased subsidies many times, and the market food price has also increased. Calculated income is higher than in previous years. Li Keqiang said, food is the most important thing for the people, and food stabilizes the world. Your growing grain has increased your income and guaranteed more people three meals a day. Let’s work together to secure more than 1.4 billion jobs in Chinese.

On June 21st, The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) and Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China visited Gaobeidian and Zhuozhou in Hebei. This is Li Keqiang coming to Dapu Village, Gaobeidian, looking at the drying wheat, and sitting around talking with the villagers. Xinhua News Agency reporter Liu Weibing photo

Li Keqiang listened to the report on energy supply in Hebei Province. In Zhuozhou Jingyuan Thermal Power Company, he learned in detail about the number of generating hours, coal consumption level and the implementation of the bail-out policy, inspected the coal yard, and encouraged enterprises to make full efforts and generate more electricity. Li Keqiang said that development is the basis and key to solve all problems in China. Now is the key period to meet the peak summer. It is necessary to release the advanced coal production capacity and fully exploit it, implement the long-term coal supply, further strengthen the power supply, resolutely prevent power cuts, and ensure economic operation and basic people’s livelihood. It is necessary to increase the efficient and clean coal-fired power production capacity in an orderly manner through expansion and transformation, and accelerate the construction of pumped storage projects, which not only increases the power supply capacity, but also provides support for the development of new energy sources such as wind, light and electricity, and improves the consumption capacity. He emphasized that China is a contributor and beneficiary of world trade, and the stability of the international energy market is beneficial to all countries. Making good use of China’s coal-based energy resource endowment is not only conducive to enhancing its own energy security capacity, but also conducive to world energy prices and the stability of the international industrial chain supply chain.

Li Keqiang fully affirmed the achievements of Hebei’s economic and social development, and hoped that under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, he would work hard and innovate, push economic development to a new level and continuously improve people’s livelihood and well-being.

Xiao Jie and He Lifeng accompanied the inspection.

According to statistics from the Department of Commerce of Sichuan Province, as of May 13th this year, subsidies for replacing old household appliances and purchasing new digital products in Sichuan covered 7.02 million pieces, which effectively boosted consumption by 22.1 billion yuan.

Digital products are the most popular. The data shows that mobile phone sales account for 27% of all household appliances and digital categories. As the weather turns hot, the sales of refrigeration products in household appliances are booming, and the sales of air conditioners are the highest, accounting for 23% of all products; Refrigerators ranked second, accounting for 9%.

Continuously improve convenience. According to the relevant person in charge of the Provincial Department of Commerce, in order to optimize the consumption experience and facilitate consumers’ payment, Sichuan has explored the introduction of a number of acquiring institutions, and has supported many institutions such as Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and China Construction Bank to complete system transformation and promote the increase of a number of acquiring institutions. Since the comprehensive promotion of subsidy reduction, the number of participants in the province has reached 4.59 million.

This year’s "May Day" holiday, the trade-in of consumer goods has become an important support to stimulate holiday consumption and enliven the holiday atmosphere. Since May 1st, the second round of subsidy activities for household appliances renewal in Leshan City has started. For the household appliance sales enterprises participating in the policy, 12 types of household appliances, such as refrigerators and washing machines, with energy efficiency of level 2 or above or water efficiency standards, will be given a one-time subsidy according to 10% of product sales, with the maximum not exceeding 500 yuan. Municipal subsidies can be superimposed with national and provincial policies to fully stimulate the enthusiasm of enterprises and consumers to participate. This round of municipal subsidy funds totaled 2,025,800 yuan, which was declared on the first day of launch, driving sales of 5,500 orders and realizing sales amount exceeding 25 million yuan. In Yibin, the trade-in of household appliances during the holiday season has become a hot spot of market consumption, which not only brings benefits to consumers, but also injects new vitality into the consumer market. According to statistics, the city accepted more than 20,000 applications for trade-in of consumer goods, which directly boosted consumption by 72.4 million yuan. Household appliances, home improvement kitchen and bathroom, 3C digital products and other fields ushered in a consumption boom.

According to statistics from the Provincial Department of Commerce, since the implementation of subsidies for the trade-in of household appliances and the purchase of new digital products in Sichuan, Chengdu has the largest sales volume, accounting for 62%, Mianyang for 4% and Yibin for 3%.

Reporter Chen Bihong

Editor: Wang Minlin

Recently, the pneumonia epidemic in novel coronavirus has attracted a lot of attention, and at the same time, a strategy simulation game named Plague Inc has topped the list of paid games in the App Store in China.

In addition, the game has reached the highest number of simultaneous online players in history-8452, far exceeding the record of 4601 created in April 2018, and created the highest average online number record in the past 30 days.

However, Ndemic Creations, the developer of Plague Company, recently issued a statement to remind players: "Please remember that Plague Company is only a game, not a scientific model. We always recommend players to obtain information about the epidemic directly from local and global health departments."

Game interface

According to public information, the game "Plague Company" was released in 2012. Two years later, the Ebola outbreak broke out in West Africa, and the game became famous unexpectedly. At that time, developers used the game platform to launch fundraising for players and raised $76,000 for charitable organizations to help fight the Ebola epidemic.

It is worth mentioning that "Plague Company" released a new game module (MOD) in 2015, named "Coronavirus", and the game introduction said that "the new coronavirus will appear in the world in 2020, which is similar to SARS".

The following is the original statement:

Statement screenshot

In addition, the game recently released a new DLC, and its name is "Fake News". In this mode launched in cooperation with professional fact-checking institutions, players can try the taste of spreading rumors and rumors, and test how a lie can deceive the world under the promotion of layers.

This article is an exclusive manuscript of Observer. It cannot be reproduced without authorization.