Gree Electric vision china data map

Gree Electric’s extra year-end award of 200 million yuan is actually "a Gree G3 mobile phone for employees"?

On January 31, Gree Electric issued an official statement to clarify that the company was concerned about the false news circulating on the Internet, such as "On January 28, Chairman Dong Mingzhu said at the Gree 2024 Global Dream Festival that an extra year-end bonus of 200 million yuan was actually sent to Gree mobile phones".

Gree Electric mentioned two points in the statement: First, in order to better adapt to the company’s work software, facilitate mobile office work and improve work efficiency, the company decided to provide each employee with free work mobile phones (including free communication packages), which will be distributed in batches around the Spring Festival.

Second, the year-end bonus of 200 million yuan increased by the company has nothing to do with the free work mobile phone. The scope of the increased year-end bonus does not include middle and senior cadres, and the increased part is inclined to the front-line employees.

Gree Electric said that the company reserves the right to investigate the legal responsibility of media and individuals who spread rumors and rumors according to law.

Previously, a related person in Gree Electric said, "Fake, nonsense."

On January 28th, Dong Mingzhu, Chairman and President of Gree Electric, said at the Gree 2024 Global Dream Festival that her performance reached a new high last year, creating a profit of 29 billion yuan. At the same time, she also announced that she would "give employees an extra 200 million yuan for the year-end bonus".

However, while Gree Electric’s heroic 200 million year-end bonus has aroused widespread concern, there are also questions about this year-end bonus on the Internet.

On January 30th, there were rumors on the Internet that the 200 million year-end bonus was actually "one Gree G3 mobile phone for each person" and "giving employees more G3 mobile phones with a value of 200 million". Moreover, these G3 mobile phones "can’t be sold at the price of idle fish only around 300 yuan, but the company has issued 80,000 sets at a price of 3,599 yuan".

For these rumors, Gree Electric insiders told the media: "The fake, extra 200 million bonus is not deducted by G3 mobile phone, but a real year-end bonus."

Regarding the rumor that "Gree’s year-end award is deducted with points", Gree also said that "the year-end award is not issued in the form of points".

On the short video platform, some Gree Electric employees have already got their own year-end awards, which are divided into two parts: cash+points for products. The employee of Gree Electric’s subsidiary got a year-end bonus of 4,500 yuan in cash, and also exchanged the points for products such as rice cookers, health pots and electric fans, with a value of about 4,000 yuan.

At the Gree 2024 Global Dream Festival, Dong Mingzhu said that 2023 was the best year for Gree Electric since its founding 33 years ago, and the corporate tax revenue reached a record high. This achievement can not be separated from the hard work of every employee and the teamwork spirit.

Dong Mingzhu said that in order to let employees fully enjoy the fruits of the company’s development, he decided to give employees an extra 200 million yuan for the year-end bonus. At the same time, Dong Mingzhu also expressed the hope that the tax revenue for the country will exceed 20 billion in 2024.

Dong Mingzhu also said that Gree Electric doesn’t care about the stock price, because it doesn’t depend on the stock price to survive.

Previously, the performance forecast released by Gree Electric showed that the total operating income in 2023 is expected to be between 205 billion yuan and 210 billion yuan, up by 7.8% to 10.4% year-on-year; It is estimated that the net profit attributable to shareholders of the parent company will be between 27 billion yuan and 29.3 billion yuan, up 10.2% to 19.6% year-on-year; It is estimated that the net profit attributable to shareholders of the parent company after deducting non-recurring gains and losses will be between 26.1 billion yuan and 27.8 billion yuan, up 8.8% to 15.9% year-on-year.

As of January 31st, Gree Electric rose 0.28% to close at 35.25 yuan.

Data map: Taiyuan, Shanxi, postal workers are sorting express delivery. China News Service reporter Zhang Yunshe

　　BEIJING, Nov. 12 (Xinhua) According to the official WeChat news of the State Post Bureau, on November 11, according to the monitoring data of the State Post Bureau, postal and express delivery companies handled 535 million express mail all day, which was three times the daily processing volume since the second quarter, with a year-on-year increase of 28.6%, a record high.

　　It is estimated that the peak season of "double 11" this year will last from November 11th to 18th. During the peak period, the whole industry will handle 2.8 billion pieces of express mail. The whole industry still regards "peak-shifting delivery and balanced promotion" as the core mechanism, and strictly controls the peak delivery volume according to the delivery carrying capacity of each enterprise and the planned push volume. Through big data platforms such as postal industry safety supervision information system and e-commerce collaborative platform, the State Post Bureau will pay close attention to the whole network operation in real time, guide enterprises to control the dispatching rhythm, and moderately extend the delivery time limit of double 11.

　　In order to achieve the goals of "two noes" (no paralysis of the whole network and no explosion of important nodes) and "three guarantees" (smooth flow, safety and stability), on the basis of the existing service capacity, the whole industry temporarily hired nearly 400,000 people and 120,000 vehicles, and added more than 3.6 million square meters of processing sites and more than 3,000 sets of automatic and semi-automatic sorting equipment. Technically, unmanned warehouses, drones and unmanned vehicles have gradually achieved mass production and large-scale application. More than 200 intelligent distribution centers have been built nationwide, and many unmanned warehouses have been set up by enterprises such as SF, JD.COM, Cainiao and Suning. A large number of heavy-duty storage robots and distribution robots have been promoted and applied in different occasions, and the "illegal operation AI intelligent identification system" that automatically identifies violent sorting behavior has been put into operation in some enterprises. In urban areas, 82,000 terminal public service stations have been built nationwide, and more than 380,000 sets of intelligent express boxes have been deployed, effectively supplementing the terminal service capacity of express delivery. The establishment of 59,000 rural express public pick-up and delivery points will better meet the delivery service needs of rural residents. In terms of international business, the outlets of express delivery enterprises in more than 60 countries, overseas warehouses covering more than 50 countries and regions and new international routes will play a very positive role. In terms of after-sales, AI intelligent customer service robots that can achieve 24-hour service have been put into use in many enterprises, which will effectively improve customer service capacity during peak hours.

　　In response to the consumer’s concern about the "last mile" in rural areas in the peak season, the relevant person in charge of the State Post Bureau pointed out that up to now, express outlets have covered more than 30,000 towns and villages, and the coverage rate of express outlets in towns and villages nationwide has reached 96%, effectively improving the distribution capacity in rural areas. At the same time, the State Post Bureau specially issued the "Implementation Plan for Accelerating Express Delivery to the Countryside" this year, intensified efforts to build a terminal delivery service system consisting of home delivery, box delivery and platform delivery, and constantly promoted the integrated development of transportation and postal express delivery, and promoted the coordinated development of express delivery and rural e-commerce. In addition, since April this year, two rounds of cleaning up and rectifying illegal charges for express terminal services have been deployed nationwide, effectively safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of farmers. On the issue of express packaging, with the help of "double 11", the industry has vigorously promoted the "9571" project of green development, continuously reduced the secondary packaging of e-commerce express mail, and deployed 27,000 standardized express packaging recycling devices at terminal service stations. At the same time, enterprises have done a lot of work in reducing the use of packaging materials, promoting electronic face sheets, circulating transfer bags and packaging recycling boxes.

　　The report of the 19th National Congress proposed that we should implement the new development concept and build a modern economic system.

　　In this regard, it is an important content to improve the system and mechanism of promoting consumption and enhance the basic role of consumption in economic development. In recent years, consumption has replaced investment as the first driving force of economic growth. Behind this, the innovation of payment methods brought by technical means has contributed greatly, and installment consumption is one of them. "Spend tomorrow’s money and enjoy today’s resources", whether it is life consumption such as digital electronics, home appliances and furniture, or service consumption such as training, tourism and entertainment, the tentacles of phased consumption have extended to all aspects of life.

　　Can installment consumption really make people enjoy life ahead of schedule easily? In the face of the network staging platform with spurt growth, how should consumers rationally stage and make good use of staging?

　　How hot is the market?

　　"It is no exaggeration to say that more than 90% of college students around me have used installment consumption, and food, clothing, housing and transportation, leisure and entertainment can all be solved by installment consumption."

　　"With children at home, the requirements for environmental sanitation are relatively high. My British Dyson vacuum cleaner was made of JD.COM white stripes. I often shop in JD.COM, and I can avoid paying interest by installments with coupons. It is much more economical to installment this year than to use a bank credit card. " Hao Yihang, an employee of a large state-owned enterprise in Beijing, is a fan of JD.COM IOUs. In his words, the slogan of "Consumption by stages, so that youth does not leave blank" attracts young people. The service of "Shopping first, paying later" and "30 days interest-free and staging at will" makes life consumption zero obstacles. "Consumption by stages is so cool!"

　　It reduces the pressure of one-time payment, and the relaxed shopping experience of "installment consumption" makes people happy. Hao Yihang said that Apple’s upcoming iPhone X, which he also intends to buy in stages, will not cause economic pressure and keep up with the trend. Staging consumption can make the monthly salary diversified and meet more new consumption needs.

　　The application method is flexible, the application procedure is convenient, there is no need for mortgage guarantee, and the approval speed is fast. With these characteristics, installment consumption quickly wins the favor of young people. The group represented by "post-90 s" grew up in the era of rapid development of the Internet, and accepted new technologies, new things and new products with a high degree. Pursuing efficiency and enjoying the present are their main consumption concepts, and this group is the main force of phased consumption.

　　"It is no exaggeration to say that more than 90% of college students around me have used installment consumption, and food, clothing, housing and transportation, leisure and entertainment can all be solved through installment consumption." Wang Peng is a junior in a university in Beijing. As early as when he first entered school, he began to use installment consumption, which was very convenient.

　　"This year, the money I signed up for the TOEFL training class was solved by stages. A TOEFL class costs more than 30 thousand yuan, and I ask my parents directly. I’m a little embarrassed. After using the staging platform, I will take out some money from the living expenses to repay the loan on schedule every month. Although there is some interest, I think it is worthwhile. " Wang Peng said that installment consumption is very common among college students, ranging from buying computers and mobile phones, education and training, to recharging phone bills and purchasing tickets for movies. They all like to choose installment.

　　In the past two years, the installment consumption platform has developed rapidly, especially the "internet plus installment consumption" platform has made up for the shortcomings of the traditional financial industry and served the groups that it failed to cover. Recently, the industry has welcomed the "regular army", banks have returned to the field of campus installment consumer credit, and the market is gradually standardizing. According to the forecast of relevant institutions, in the past five years, the average annual growth rate of installment consumption loans exceeded 20%.

　　How tempting is it?

　　Some merchants deliberately weaken the intermediary fees and induce consumers with the gimmick of "low threshold, zero interest and zero down payment", while the handling fee and service fee behind the products are actually higher than the interest.

　　"I obviously bought a 5799 yuan mobile phone, but the final repayment was more than 1700 yuan, which means that I spent nearly 8000 yuan on this mobile phone. Although the mobile phone was used more than one year in advance, it also paid a price. " Speaking of installment consumption, Zhao Xiaoxian, a chef in a restaurant in Hefei, Anhui Province, felt quite helpless. "It is very difficult for migrant workers like me who have no stable income to apply for bank credit cards. Online merchants lied to me that installment consumption threshold is low, procedures are convenient and interest is low. However, in the final calculation, the handling fees are higher than the interest. "

　　Dong Ximiao, a senior researcher at Chongyang Financial Research Institute of Renmin University of China, believes that the staged consumer market is developing rapidly, but the good and the bad are mixed, and many services are falsely advertised. The main purpose of staging business on the consumer platform is to expand users’ staging consumption, but the way to expand customers mainly comes from offline, and salesmen are easy to cheat and induce consumers for the sake of performance. Some merchants deliberately weaken the intermediary fees, and basically induce consumers with the gimmick of "low threshold, zero interest and zero down payment", while the handling fee and service fee behind the products are actually higher than the interest, which makes consumers feel miserable.

　　"The development of bank credit card business is relatively mature, and both the bank’s own risk control system and regulatory regulations are relatively perfect. However, the staged market has outstanding problems such as false propaganda and induced sales promotion in a fierce competitive environment. " Dong Ximiao said.

　　The installment consumption business of traditional commercial banks is standardized, mainly for consumers with stable income. Consumers have lower risk in using it and can effectively protect their rights and interests. The market gap that traditional commercial banks can’t cover has inspired the rise of Internet staging platforms, which have low thresholds and are aimed at social groups such as students and migrant workers. Coupled with the lag of regulatory policies, some disadvantages of installment consumption are constantly emerging.

　　For example, it is inevitable that unqualified consumers will default in time on the staging platform. Salespeople usually "salute before soldiers", but the effect of "collection" will be linked to performance. Because there is no standardized and legalized collection supervision policy at present, there are different kinds of violent collection behaviors in the staged market in reality.

　　The risk of disclosure of personal information makes installment consumption a safety hazard. Many people have encountered the problem of "receiving a collection message without a loan" and "being registered under an assumed name without registration". Most people will choose to ignore it, but doing so may affect consumers’ credit information and bring inconvenience to life and work.

　　In addition, from the consumer’s own point of view, staged consumption increases irrational consumption behavior. The amount of payment is reduced when the installment is consumed, which makes people have the illusion of spending less. The risk monitoring measures of many platforms are not in place, which may easily lead to credit problems such as overdue default by unqualified consumers.

　　How hard is it to choose?

　　By means of digital management and information sharing, we will strengthen the construction of credit system and prevent multi-head lending. Consumers should abandon vanity, comparison and blind obedience.

　　Behind the popularity of installment consumption, how can we rationally use and manage installment consumption?

　　Dong Ximiao believes that from the perspective of regulators, we should continue to carry out the special rectification of Internet finance and increase the cleaning and rectification of various stages of consumption platforms. For the platform with disorderly operation and chaotic management, if it fails to pass the filing in accordance with the regulations, measures should be taken to resolutely close it.

　　"At present, China’s credit information market still needs to be further improved, and the problem of long-term lending in the industry has not been completely solved. I believe that after the sharing of credit information data at the national level in the future, the whole industry will develop more healthily and orderly." Dong Ximiao said.

　　Credit data is an important link in risk control of phased consumption platform. Companies such as Taobao, JD.COM, Ctrip, etc., which have mastered the consumption scenes of hundreds of millions of users, have a large user base and many data resources, and can keenly capture the credit rating of users, and the cost of risk control is low. It is difficult for other financial platforms to accurately judge consumers’ credit information "Facebook".

　　"Now, for installment consumption, we have to put a lot of energy into risk prevention and control. It can be said that if the risk control is done well, the operating cost will be reduced, and the platform installment consumption interest rate will be reduced accordingly, thus attracting more quality customers." Gao Sheng, the public relations director of Staged Music Mall, said, "For example, we are now using artificial intelligence technology to develop ‘ Hawkeye ’ The intelligent risk control engine has more than 6,000 risk control model data variables, which can greatly improve the efficiency of risk control audit. "

　　Dong Ximiao suggested strengthening the construction of credit infrastructure, consolidating and enriching the credit information system by means of digital management and information sharing, improving the risk identification ability and risk prevention efficiency of installment consumption business, and enabling institutions and customers to enjoy more convenience in inclusive finance.

　　Banks and internet platforms should further improve or establish their own risk assessment and monitoring systems, objectively evaluate users’ consumption levels, and reasonably set credit lines; Staging consumption business institutions and platforms should correctly carry out marketing propaganda, put an end to false propaganda and induced propaganda, and set up necessary punishment mechanisms.

　　For consumers, we should carefully choose between bank credit card and installment payment platform, and try to choose a bank credit card with a more formal and perfect management system. If you choose the internet installment consumption platform, you should carefully check how to calculate the installment consumption interest, handling fee and service fee to prevent being charged with high interest and service fee.

　　"Installment consumption is a form of prepayment. If the repayment is overdue, it will not only increase the overdue interest, but also affect their credit rating, and even some financial institutions will terminate the installment business." Dong Ximiao said that consumers should abandon the bad mentality of vanity, comparison and blind obedience, carefully weigh whether the purchase of goods is reasonable, and formulate reasonable consumption and repayment plans to avoid over-consumption and over-consumption.

　　The insiders believe that for platforms with relatively standardized operations, the principle of "same business, same supervision" should be adopted to implement penetrating supervision, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of financial consumers and protect the security of personal information. At the same time, we will strengthen the monitoring of the installment business it provides in terms of loan purposes and capital flow. Consumers should also enhance their risk awareness, strengthen the study of financial consumption and network security knowledge, and not disclose personal information at will to improve their ability to identify and prevent bad businesses.

　　What are the installment consumption platforms? (link)

　　In the past two years, staged consumption platforms have mushroomed, with different application scenarios and different characteristics.

　　JD.COM White Strip: the first Internet consumer financial product in the industry. You can enjoy a deferred payment period of up to 30 days or a payment by installments of up to 24 days if you use white bars for payment on JD.COM website. In recent years, JD.COM White Bar has been integrated into more consumption scenes, gradually covering the fields of renting, tourism, decoration, education, wedding and so on, extending from credit purchase service to providing credit consumption loans to provide credit consumption services for more consumers.

　　Ant Flower Garden: Born in the e-commerce department, it mainly supports multi-scene shopping. Its main application scenarios are Taobao and Tmall. Recently, it has also settled in most e-commerce shopping platforms, such as Amazon, Suning and local life service websites, such as word of mouth, Meituan, public comment, etc., and also involved some overseas shopping websites.

　　Staging music: Staging music in the staged shopping mall under Lexin Group is a new consumption platform of "e-commerce+finance". The shopping mall consumption scene involves 3C digital, outdoor sports, beauty care, eating, drinking and having fun, etc. It is the official authorized distributor of Apple mobile phones. The platform provides phased consumption services for mainstream consumer groups such as young people and white-collar workers.

　　Consumer finance company: it is a non-bank financial institution that provides unsecured and unsecured consumer loans. According to the "2017 Internet Consumer Finance Development Report and Outlook" by Suning Financial Research Institute, there are currently 22 licensed consumer finance companies in China, of which banks account for more than 90%. Consumer finance companies have offline channels, and offline outlets basically involve the whole country. Many licensed financial consumer companies have launched in-store consumption business to expand the financial consumer market. With the development of internet finance in recent years, many consumer finance companies have begun to cooperate with e-commerce platforms to develop online consumer credit business.

　　(Song Chao)

Original Ugliness & Visualization of Teacher Cat’s Patent Analysis

Citation between patent documents is the information that reflects their technical relevance, including the documents cited by the applicant in the background technology of his patent application, the comparison documents used by the examiner in the examination process, and the evidence documents submitted by the third party when requesting patent invalidation.

Patent citation can be divided into Cited and quoting, also known as Backward citation and Forward citation. The corresponding patent citations are called cited documents and cited documents. Among them, the cited document refers to the reference document cited by the target patent/family, and the cited document refers to the later document cited by the target patent/family. The relationship among the target patent/family, cited documents and cited documents is shown in the table below.

By combing the citation relationship, the undertaking order of technological innovation research and development among patent documents can be established, which can help analysts reproduce the development process of patent technology. It can also be used as auxiliary information to judge the importance of a patent document by counting the cited situation of a patent document, such as the number of cited documents, the technical field of cited documents, the applicant of cited documents, etc. On this basis, we can also combine the information related to patent literature sources such as country, applicant or inventor, so as to judge the historical contribution, technical strength and competitive position of the technology source.

Case 1: the applicant who cited the most important patent US6191007 in the field of 1：FDSOI technology.

The applicant who cited the patent US6191007 the most times.

Chart Source: Zhang Maoyu. Industrial Patent Analysis Report (Volume 50) Advanced Chip Manufacturing Technology [M]. Beijing: Intellectual Property Press, 2017.

The most frequently cited patent application in the field of FDSOI technology is the patent application with publication number of US6191007 filed by Denso in 1998, which was cited 316 times, and all of them were not self-cited. The main technical direction of this patent application is technology, which is to fabricate SOI or super-wave SOI substrates by ion implantation.

The applicant who cited the patent US6191007 the most was Monolithic 3D Inc, and it can be known that the company may have made key research and development in the field of substrate technology of FDSOI following Denso’s technology. At the same time, other applicants who cited this important patent are Micron, Innovative Silicon and IBM, and these applicants are also key applicants or potentially important applicants in the field of FDSOI.

Case 2: The most influential patent applicant of microalgae related technology

The most influential patent applicant for microalgae-related technology

Chart source: WIPO patent landscape report: micro alga-related technologies

The above figure lists the most influential patent applicants for microalgae-related technologies, and provides two indicators to measure the applicant’s influence, one is the number of patent families owned by the applicant, and the other is the Citation Velocity of the applicant’s patents. The patent citation rate in this report refers to the average number of times each patent is cited by other people’s later applications every year, which excludes the applicant’s self-citation. This citation includes Patent examiners’s citation in the review process as a comparison document, and also includes other patent applicants’ use as prior art documents in the background technology of their patent application documents. The higher the number of citations, the greater the influence of the applicant in this field.

Case 3: Patent citation network of patent applicants in the field of quantum metrology and sensing

Patent citation network of patent applicants in the field of quantum metrology and sensing

Chart source: EPO landscape study on patent filing: quantum metrology and sensing

Through citation analysis, we can also see that there is a very close relationship between enterprise applicants and research institution applicants in the field of quantum metrology and sensing in technology research and development. For example, most of Lockheed Martin’s 55 patents cite the patent documents of university applicants, and 17 of them cite the patents of Melbourne University.

Original title: Patent Analysis Method | Patent Citation Analysis

Read the original text

　　In practice, a large number of inventions are protected by submitting patent applications and obtaining authorization. Therefore, the writing quality of patent application documents often affects whether the patentee can successfully defend his rights and resist competitors. In this paper, the author discusses the writing skills of patent application documents from the perspective of writing patent application documents.

　　First, we should consider the appropriate scope of protection. The so-called "appropriate" scope of protection refers to obtaining as large a scope of protection as possible on the premise of complying with China’s patent law and its implementation rules.

　　The author thinks that a patent application document can "predict" the comparison documents that may be retrieved, which is based on the full retrieval of domestic and foreign patent documents in the early stage of writing the patent application document, so as to determine the appropriate level of existing technology, construct an appropriate scope of protection, and make the patent more stable.

　　In practice, the author found that many existing patent application documents only describe the technical scheme itself. The author believes that the process of writing patent application documents is a process of secondary creation, which requires the joint participation of inventors and patent agents to discuss various implementation methods to solve the technical problems involved in invention-creation, and determine the claims after summarizing and abstracting the technical characteristics of the implementation methods (upper generalization or functional limitation). And the upper generalization also needs as many examples as possible so that the claims can be supported by the specification. When judging the infringement, the functional features are interpreted as the specific embodiment disclosed in the specification and its equivalent embodiment, and the application of the equivalence rule is easy to have objections. Therefore, it is helpful to obtain a more appropriate scope of protection by excavating as many embodiments as possible in the writing stage of patent application documents.

　　Second, when writing patent application documents, we should also consider it from the perspective of being conducive to infringement judgment. For example, based on principle of universal coverage, when writing the patent application file at first, only the most necessary technical feature set that can solve the technical problems of the invention needs to be written into the independent claim, and unnecessary technical features will only limit the narrowing of the protection scope. In practice, the name of the invention, the characteristics of the use environment, the technical characteristics of the product defined by the preparation method, and the step sequence of the method claim may limit the scope of patent protection, so it should be carefully considered when using it. If there are possibly ambiguous terms in the claim and they are not explained in the specification, it may cause obstacles to the interpretation of the subsequent claims.

　　Third, the commercial prospects of patented products or methods should be considered. In the writing stage of patent application documents, patent agents may find that technical solutions can be applied to fields with more commercial prospects during the communication with inventors. For example, a technical scheme can be used in PC, but after understanding the existing technology, it is found that its application prospect in mobile terminal is very considerable, but it needs to be adjusted accordingly when applied in mobile terminal, so different technical schemes are produced, and the application strategy needs to be adjusted in time.

　　Fourth, we should consider whether patents can be easily evaded by competitors. The patent agent can work with the applicant to develop possible improved technical solutions and possible deteriorated technical solutions. The improved technical solutions can be used as a "retreat" in the patent examination stage and may prevent competitors from submitting improved solutions to patent applications. According to the Guide to Determining Patent Infringement issued by Beijing Higher People’s Court, the deteriorated technical scheme does not constitute equivalent infringement, so the deteriorated technical scheme should also be considered when writing patent application documents.

　　Fifth, it should be considered that it is conducive to obtaining evidence and safeguarding rights. If the applicant is engaged in the production of products, from the perspective of tort compensation, it may be more beneficial for the right holder to write patent application documents mainly against product manufacturers. This is because it is generally easier for sellers, importers and users of infringing products to prove the legal source of infringing products. In this case, it is advantageous to write the product and the claim of the preparation method of the product.

　　In the fields of communication, network and computer, the applicant may face multiple infringing objects, and which infringing objects he hopes to resist is an important factor in determining his claim. Different claims can be designed for different infringing objects.

　　Generally speaking, it is more beneficial to obtain evidence if you can know the technical characteristics of the product without disassembling it or using it by consumers. If you need reverse engineering to determine whether a product is infringing, you need to consider the difficulty of reverse engineering. For example, for related patents in the chemical field, the technical features that can be measured by ordinary measuring instruments or technologies are more conducive to obtaining evidence. For patents related to semiconductor and chip fields, if reverse engineering is easy to realize, components and their connection modes can be described. If reverse engineering is difficult to realize or the cost is high, it is necessary to consider whether it is necessary to change the writing method.

　　Sixth, we should consider the layout strategy. When writing patent application documents, we should also pay attention to the role of dependent claims, that is, in addition to independent claims, other novel and creative technical features can be arranged in dependent claims to prevent competitors from evading design.

　　At the same time, different levels of protection scope should be considered, and some patent application documents may be incompatible with certain technical features. At this time, independent claims with different protection scope can be considered to avoid giving up some protection scope due to modification. In addition, in some cases, the protection scope of the method claim can be different from that of the product claim, for example, the protection scope of the method claim can be greater than that of the product claim to achieve different levels of protection.

　　Chinese applicants need to consider the relevant laws and regulations of different countries when writing patent application documents if they want to arrange patents abroad. When submitting an international patent application through the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), due to the relatively limited space for modification, it is especially necessary to strictly check the priority documents.

　　For example, when filing an American patent application, we should avoid too much self-admission and discussion about the existing technology. Because the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has a strict review of Antecedent Basis, patent Enablement and Written Description, it should be extra cautious when writing priority documents. (Li Xingdi only represents the author’s personal views)
　

　　CCTV News:According to WeChat official account, the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, on October 23rd, the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention released the national epidemic situation of legal infectious diseases in September 2023:

　　In September 2023 (from 0: 00 on September 1st to 24: 00 on September 30th), 879,567 cases of legal infectious diseases were reported in China (excluding Hongkong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province, the same below), with 2,213 deaths.

　　Nine cases of Class A infectious diseases were reported, all of which were cholera, and no deaths were reported.

　　Among the Class B infectious diseases, except novel coronavirus infection, 304,210 cases were reported and 2,213 people died, including SARS, poliomyelitis, human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza, diphtheria and human infection with H7N9 avian influenza. The top five reported diseases are viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, syphilis, gonorrhea and dengue fever, accounting for 92.7% of the total reported cases of Class B infectious diseases.

　　In the same period, a total of 575,348 cases of Class C infectious diseases were reported, and no deaths were reported. The top three reported diseases are influenza, hand-foot-mouth disease and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, accounting for 80.2% of the total reported cases of Class C infectious diseases.

　　Cctv newsAt 15: 00 on April 20th, the State Council Press Office held a press conference to introduce the development of industry and informatization in the first quarter of 2023 and answer questions from reporters.

　　Zhao Zhiguo, chief engineer and spokesperson of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that overall, the development of industry and information technology achieved a smooth start in the first quarter, showing a trend of stabilization and improvement.

　　First, the industrial economy has maintained a stable operation. It mainly presents three characteristics. First, industrial production has steadily picked up. In the first quarter, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 3% year-on-year, which was 0.3 percentage points higher than that in the fourth quarter of last year, reversing the continuous downward trend since October last year. According to the data of China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, the production and sales of automobiles in March increased by 15.3% and 9.7% respectively, and the production and sales of new energy vehicles increased by 44.8% and 34.8% respectively. Second, investment in manufacturing industry continued to grow steadily. In the first quarter, manufacturing investment increased by 7% year-on-year, which was 1.9 percentage points higher than the national fixed assets investment, and maintained a rapid growth rate on the basis of a high base for two consecutive years. Third, the role of industrial provinces is obvious. The industrial growth rate of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and other major industrial provinces is significantly higher than the national level. Since March, the industrial economy of Guangdong, Zhejiang and other provinces has picked up.

　　Second, the advanced manufacturing industry is developing well. Vigorously develop advanced manufacturing industry and promote the high-end, intelligent and green development of manufacturing industry. Solidly promote the industrial base reconstruction project and major technical equipment research projects, and make significant progress in some areas. ARJ21 has safely transported more than 6.55 million passengers and has recently been put into overseas commercial operation. Delivered the world’s largest 24188 TEU super-large container ship, and the first domestic extracorporeal membrane oxygenation machine (ECMO) was successfully developed and certified for listing. Deeply implement intelligent manufacturing engineering and promote the digital transformation of the industry. The three functional systems of industrial internet network, platform and security were completed, and the scale of core industries exceeded 1.2 trillion yuan. Accelerate the transformation and development of green and low-carbon industries. Accelerate the development of new energy vehicles, photovoltaics and other emerging industries. In the first quarter, the investment in fixed assets of high-tech manufacturing industry increased by 15.2% year-on-year, and the output of new energy vehicles, solar cells and other emerging products increased by 22.5% and 53.2% respectively.

　　Third, the empowerment effect of the information and communication industry is constantly emerging. We will fully consolidate new infrastructure and strongly support high-quality economic and social development. In the first quarter, telecom business revenue increased by 7.7% year-on-year. Steadily promote the construction of "double Gigabit" network, with the cumulative number of 5G base stations exceeding 2.64 million, and the number of Gigabit access users exceeding 100 million. Continue to deepen the application of convergence, and 5G is fully integrated into 52 national economic categories. Improve the ability of application services, further enhance the supply of mobile Internet application services, and accelerate the demonstration and promotion of excellent cases of aging and barrier-free transformation of Internet applications. Coordinate development and security, introduce policies to promote the development of data security industry, strengthen the security protection of key information infrastructure in the industry, and ensure the safe and stable operation of basic telecommunications networks.

　　Fourth, the industrial development environment has been further optimized. Adhere to the better combination of effective market and promising government, and strive to create a good ecology conducive to industrial development. In-depth implementation of the "14 th Five-Year Plan" in the field of industry and information technology, and organization and formulation of work plans for steady growth of key industries such as automobiles and electronics. Focusing on the "urgent difficulties and worries" of small and medium-sized enterprises, together with relevant departments, we have issued a series of policy measures to help stabilize growth and adjust structural strength, and started the cultivation of the fifth batch of "little giants" that specialize in specialty and innovation. Convene the 2023 Working Meeting of the Inter-Ministerial Joint Conference on Reducing the Burden of Enterprises in the State Council. Deepen the precise docking of industry and finance, and the national industry-finance integration platform has helped enterprises to raise more than 500 billion yuan.

　　Of course, we must also see that there are still some difficulties and challenges in the current industrial economic development, but the fundamentals of China’s industrial economic development have not changed for a long time, and we are full of confidence in this. In the next step, we will adhere to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, thoroughly implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, strengthen our confidence, be determined to innovate, stabilize the development of key industries, support leading enterprises and specialized new enterprises, work hard to draw long boards, forge new boards and fill short boards, promote the sustained stabilization and improvement of the industrial economy in the second quarter, and accelerate the development of the information and communication industry, thus laying a solid foundation for achieving the objectives and tasks for the whole year.

　　In August, the temperature rises, the rainfall increases, and the humid and hot weather is conducive to the growth and reproduction of microorganisms and vectors, causing the spread of many infectious diseases.

　　Experts from Henan CDC hereby remind residents to focus on hand-foot-mouth disease, fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, brucellosis, novel coronavirus infection, monkeypox and food poisoning this month. In addition, special attention should be paid to the prevention of extreme weather events and accidental injuries of children and adolescents during summer vacation.

　　Key tips

　　First, hand, foot and mouth disease

　　Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in children, which is caused by various enterovirus infections. Children under 5 years old are more likely to be infected through close contact, respiratory droplets and digestive tract. Recently, the incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease in our province has decreased, but it is still at a high level, exceeding the level of the same period in the past two years. We should pay attention to the health status of young children, maintain good personal hygiene habits, and regularly clean and disinfect the family and the surrounding environment.

　　Protective measures:

　　1. Pay attention to personal hygiene, especially hand hygiene. Wash your hands with clean water, hand sanitizer or soap before touching your mouth and nose, before eating and defecating, before processing food, after touching herpes/respiratory secretions, after changing diapers or handling items contaminated by feces; Cover your nose and mouth with a handkerchief or paper towel when sneezing or coughing, then wrap the paper towel and throw it into the covered trash can.

　　2. Do not share towels or other personal items with others; Do not contact patients and their contaminated articles, and pollute the environment; Do not swim or play in the unsterilized swimming pool. During the epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease, try to avoid taking children to participate in group activities.

　　3. Always clean and disinfect the surfaces of articles or objects that are often in contact, such as toys and furniture. After cleaning, wipe them with chlorine-containing disinfectant or soak them for disinfection. After 30 minutes, wipe them with clean water or rinse them off.

　　Second, fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome

　　Fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome is a new infectious disease caused by a new Bunia virus, which is spread by tick bites. The rain increases in August, and the high temperature and humid environment is suitable for the growth and reproduction of ticks. When you are active in parks, fields and other places with dense vegetation, you should be well protected to prevent ticks from biting.

　　Protective measures:

　　1. Personal protection should be done during outdoor activities, such as wearing long-sleeved underwear, tightening trouser legs, and applying repellent to bare skin, so as to avoid sitting and lying for a long time in the main habitats of ticks, such as grass and Woods, and prevent ticks from biting. Don’t pull hard after being bitten by a tick, spray it with alcohol and then clamp the tick head with pointed tweezers to peel off slowly.

　　2. Management of infected persons. In general, it is not necessary to isolate patients. Medical staff and patients’ families in medical institutions should do personal protection when caring for patients, and the patients’ blood, secretions, excreta and the environment and articles polluted by them can be disinfected by means of high temperature, high pressure and chlorine-containing disinfectant.

　　Third, brucellosis

　　Brucellosis (brucellosis) is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella. The main clinical manifestations are fever, hyperhidrosis, joint pain and so on. Sheep are the main source of infection. People in pastoral areas, aquaculture and other occupations can be infected through skin and mucous membrane contact during slaughter, peeling and milking. Eating undercooked meat, drinking raw milk or inhaling contaminated droplets can also lead to brucellosis. In recent years, brucellosis has also occurred from time to time in non-pastoral areas, so we should pay attention to self-protection.

　　Protective measures:

　　1, sheep breeding, grazing, trading, slaughtering and other professional people should pay attention to daily personal protection, timely medical treatment after illness.

　　2. Try to avoid direct contact with any animals, especially those of unknown origin.

　　3. Do not eat undercooked meat, eggs, milk and other animal products. Choose fresh and safe animal food raw materials, and pay attention to the separation of raw and cooked food when processing.

　　Fourth, monkeypox

　　Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus infection, and its clinical manifestations are mainly fever, rash and lymphadenopathy. In the past, it mainly occurred in Central Africa and West Africa. Since 2022, monkeypox outbreaks have occurred in many non-endemic areas around the world, with a mortality rate of about 0.1%. Most cases have mild clinical manifestations, and the deaths are mainly people with low immunity such as untreated HIV-infected people. Since June 2023, many provinces in China have reported many cases of monkeypox, most of which are young and middle-aged men, mainly transmitted through sexual contact. Men who have sex with men are the key groups infected with monkeypox. People are generally susceptible to monkeypox virus, and smallpox vaccine has a certain degree of cross-protection against monkeypox virus.

　　Protective measures:

　　1. Entry-exit personnel should pay attention to the epidemic information of monkeypox in destination countries and regions, and avoid contact with monkeypox-like symptoms, rodents, primates and other animals.

　　2. Returnees who have a history of suspicious contact abroad should do a good job in self-health monitoring to avoid close contact with others. In case of monkeypox-like symptoms such as fever, rash and lymphadenopathy, they should take the initiative to see a doctor and truthfully report their epidemiological history.

　　3. Key people need to raise awareness of prevention and reduce high-risk behaviors. If they have a history of suspicious contact, they should consciously monitor their health and take the initiative to see a doctor if symptoms appear.

　　V. novel coronavirus infection

　　Recently, the number of people infected in novel coronavirus in our province has shown a downward trend. The elderly, key people with basic diseases and low immunity still need to adhere to personal protection and actively vaccinate. Those who have not completed basic immunization and are not infected with Covid-19 should complete basic immunization first.

　　Protective measures:

　　1. Actively vaccinate. Elderly people aged 60 and above, people aged 18-59 with serious basic diseases, people with low immune function, people with high risk of infection, and people who have completed basic immunization or have been infected with Covid-19 should be actively vaccinated to further strengthen their autoimmune ability.

　　2. Pay attention to personal protection. Residents should wear masks in their daily trips, minimize unnecessary gatherings and keep social distance. Maintain good personal and environmental hygiene, wash hands frequently, often ventilate, pay attention to rest, pay attention to nutrition and enhance physical fitness.

　　3. Use drugs rationally and see a doctor as needed. After infection, residents should take corresponding treatment measures according to the severity of their own symptoms, implement self-care at home, reduce contact with their roommates, rationally use symptomatic drugs according to relevant guidelines, do a good job in health monitoring, and go to medical institutions in time if the condition worsens.

　　Six, food poisoning

　　In August, the temperature is high and the humidity is high, and food is perishable. Improper food processing or storage can easily lead to food poisoning. Recently, food poisoning incidents have occurred frequently in many parts of the country. People must pay attention to food hygiene when eating at home or out. When they have symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, they should induce vomiting as soon as possible to reduce the absorption of toxins and send them to the hospital for treatment in time.

　　Protective measures:

　　1. Avoid eating in public places without health protection. Buy food in supermarkets or vegetable markets with health protection. Try not to buy bulk food.

　　2. Fresh food should be fully heated before eating, and attention should be paid to the cleanliness of processed cold and raw foods. Avoid mixing raw and cooked food, mixing chopping boards and kitchen knives, and prevent cross-contamination of raw and cooked food. Try not to leave any food in each meal. Don’t store the leftover food in the refrigerator for too long. It must be heated thoroughly before eating.

　　3. Develop good personal hygiene habits, wash your hands before and after meals and before processing food.

　　VII. Extreme weather events

　　With global warming, extreme weather events occur frequently. Typhoon No.5 "Du Surui" landed in Fujian on July 28, and the residual circulation went all the way north, resulting in large-scale heavy rainfall in Henan, Shandong, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Liaoning, with heavy rain in the local area. Recently, there have been heavy rains in many places in our province, and heavy rains have occurred in some counties and cities, accompanied by complex strong convective weather. At present, the impact of Typhoon Du Surui on Henan Province has ended, but it is still rainy in our province in the near future due to the strengthening of the westward extension of the subtropical high, the uplift of typhoon Kanu and the windward slope in mountainous areas.

　　At present, it is in the critical period of "seven downs and eight highs" (from late July to early August). Due to the influence of typhoon and subtropical high, our province will usher in the humid and sultry weather of "rainfall+high temperature". The public should pay close attention to the warning signals of meteorological disasters, respond in time, and do a good job in heatstroke prevention and cooling.

　　Eight, children and adolescents accidental injury

　　Summer vacation is a period of high incidence of accidental injuries among children and adolescents. While celebrating the holiday, special attention should be paid to preventing accidental injuries such as drowning, traffic accidents, falls, poisoning, burns, electric shock, airway foreign bodies, and animal bites.

　　Protective measures:

　　1. Parents should carry out safety inspection on daily necessities at home, so as to eliminate those foreseeable and avoidable safety hazards, such as hot water bottles, hot water cups and kitchen utensils with hot soup, which should be placed out of children’s reach; Household electrical equipment and power supply should be kept away from children’s reach; Take good care of household chemicals, and it is best to store medicines in safe packages that prevent children from opening them.

　　2. In terms of children’s diet and daily life, it should be fresh and non-toxic to prevent food pollution and deterioration. Teach children not to run or cry when eating, and correct the bad habits of children’s mouth contents.

　　3. Never leave children alone by the open water source. No matter in the water at home, indoors, outdoors or other places, the distance between parents and children should be within reach and concentrate on nursing. Parents must educate their children not to swim in dangerous waters/water bodies or informal swimming pools to prevent drowning. If you encounter a drowning companion, don’t rescue yourself by force. You should shout for help and ask people around you to help you.

　　4. Pay attention to cultivate children’s safety awareness, guide children to obey traffic rules, don’t chase and fight on the side of the road, and sit in the child safety seat and fasten the seat belt when traveling by car.

　　Transfer from: Henan CDC

Author: Hongge comes from Medical Wechat WeChat official account.

　 　　 　　　Recent epidemic situation in ChinaIn the process of getting up, there are some situations that deserve our attention.the most importantIsFalse negatives in nucleic acid detection. Intercepting relevant news, it was found that 8 confirmed patients in Shijiazhuang on the 22nd were repeatedly negative for nucleic acid detection, and 5 confirmed patients in Shijiazhuang on the 24th were repeatedly negative for nucleic acid detection.

　 　On the 22nd, there were 11 new confirmed cases in Shijiazhuang, including:

Case 1: Male, 52 years old, from Huangjiazhuang Village. On the evening of 21st.Ninth nucleic acid positive;

Case 2: Male, 13 years old, Niujiazhuang Village. On the evening of the 21st.Nine times nucleic acid positive;

Case 3: Female, 11 years old, Zhongyao Village. On the evening of the 21st.Nine times nucleic acid positive;

Case 4: Male, 49 years old, Nanqiaozhai Village. On the evening of 21st.Ninth nucleic acid positive;

Case 5: Male, 47 years old, Niujiazhuang Village. On the evening of 21st.Ninth nucleic acid positive;

Case 6: Female, 65 years old, Niujiazhuang Village. On the evening of 21st.Ninth nucleic acid positive;

Case 7: Male, 11 years old, grandson of Case 6. On the evening of 21st.Ninth nucleic acid positive;

Case 11: Male, 67 years old, Xiaoguozhuang Village, husband of Case 2 on January 7th. On January 3, it was transferred to centralized isolation medical observation; On the evening of 21st.11th nucleic acid detectionFinally positive;

On the 24th, there were 7 new confirmed cases in Shijiazhuang:

Case 1: Female, 65 years old, Nanqiaozhai Village. Centralized isolation on the 11 th.Nucleic acid after 9 times, 22 positive.

Case 2: Female, 4 years old, Nanqiaozhai Village. Centralized isolation on the 11 th.Nucleic acid after 9 times, 22 positive.

Case 3: Female, 4 years old, Mi Jie, Chang ‘an District. Centralized isolation on the 13 th.Nucleic acid after 8 times, 23 positive.

Case 4: Female, 64 years old, Xiaoguozhuang Village. Centralized isolation on the 10 th.After 11 nucleic acids, 24 positive.

Case 5: Male, 34 years old, Xiaoguozhuang Village. Centralized isolation on the 8 th.After 11 nucleic acids, 24 positive.

Case 6: 34-year-old female, Liujiazuo Village, was positive for nucleic acid on the 5th, was diagnosed as asymptomatic infection on the 6th, and was clinically confirmed on the 24th.

Case 7: A 28-year-old male, living in Yuhua District, went to work by car at Zhengding Airport on weekdays. He was diagnosed as asymptomatic infected with nucleic acid on the 5th, and was clinically confirmed on the 24th.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 last year, the topic of high false negative rate of nucleic acid detection has been the focus of attention. It has been reported that the positive rate of Covid-19 detection by fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR is only 30%-50% at present, which leads to extremely high false negative rate.

For Hongge, who doesn’t know much about the test, this paper analyzes the relatively high false negative test by searching articles and documents, and summarizes some reasons to discuss with you.

First, the incidence of COVID-19 suggests that it is highly possible to collect positive samples in a proper time.

Academician Yuan Guoyong’s team conducted this cohort study in Hong Kong Princess Margaret Hospital and Queen Mary Hospital. From January 22 to February 12, 2020, 23 hospitalized patients who were diagnosed as COVID-19 by laboratory examination of nasopharyngeal or sputum specimens were screened in the two hospitals.

A total of 173 respiratory specimens were collected from 23 patients. The researchers used RT-QCPR to determine the viral load in the samples. The results showed that the median viral load of respiratory tract samples was 5.2 log10 copies /mL (interquartile range was 4.1-7.0), and only 3 patients (13%) did not detect Covid-19 RNA in saliva samples.

The researchers observed that,The viral load in saliva was the highest in the first week after the patient developed symptoms, and then gradually decreased.Eight days after the patient developed symptoms, airway extracts were collected, and there was no obvious downward trend in viral load. Of the 21 patients who did not die,Seven people (33%) could still detect viral RNA after 20 days of symptoms, but this was not related to the severity of the disease.

▲ Changes of viral load in saliva (blue line) and airway extract (red line) of all 23 patients. Abscissa D- days after symptoms appear; S/E- number of saliva/airway samples.

AprilAccording to a study published in Nature Medicine, COVID-19 patients are most infectious before symptoms appear, and they begin to shed SARS-CoV-2 2 2-3 days before the first symptoms appear.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0869-5

The study, led by Eric Lau of the University of Hong Kong, involved 94 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, China, 50% of whom were male, with a median age of 47 years. Among them, 61 of 93 patients were mild. Specifically, the researchers collected the throat swabs of 94 COVID-19 patients who were treated in the Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, China from January 21st to February 14th. From the onset of symptoms to 23 days after onset, 414 throat swabs were collected.

The results show that the researchers areThe high viral load was detected shortly after the patient developed symptoms, and then gradually decreased to the detection limit around the 21st day.There is no significant difference in viral load among different sexes, age groups and disease severity.

In addition, the researchers also analyzed 77 samples of "transmission pairs" from public data to assess how much time passed between the onset of symptoms in each patient. It assumes that the median incubation period (the time from infection to symptoms) is 5.2 days.The research team concluded that infectivity began 2.3 days before symptoms appeared, and peaked 0.7 days before symptoms appeared.

In the sensitivity analysis, the same estimation procedure is used, but assuming that the infectious attack is unchanged 1-7 days before the symptom occurs, thenIt was found that the infectivity reached its peak 0-2 days before the onset of symptoms, and the transmission ratio before the onset of symptoms was 46% to 55%.

The study also found that,The virus may start shedding 2-3 days before the first symptoms appear.After the symptoms appear, the viral load in the patient’s body decreases faster. This is consistent with the results of two recent studies. On April 1st, teams from Munich, Germany, Berlin and Cambridge, England published the article "Viro logical assessment of hospital patients with Covid-2019" on Nature. It was found that the shedding peak of Covid-19 occurred in the early upper respiratory tract infection.This shows that virus carriers may be the most infectious when they have mild symptoms or almost no obvious symptoms.

Brother Hong:From the above two documents, we can draw a conclusion that the virus shed and spread 2-3 days before the symptoms appear after infection, and after the symptoms appear, with the passage of time,The viral load of throat swab decreases gradually, and the viral load detected within 7 days after symptoms. If symptoms have existed for more than 20 days, the reliability of negative conclusion of throat swab is poor.

Solution:We need to publicize the law of the new crown to the people and medical workers, and improve our vigilance against COVID-19. It is best for patients to see a doctor in time, and doctors can also suspect this possibility. Only at the right time can we collect high-content samples and diagnose and control them in time.

Second, accurate sampling strategy is the best means to reduce false negative results.

In February, a study published by Medrxir, a pre-printed website, collected respiratory tract samples such as nasal swab, throat swab, sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients diagnosed with COVID-19, and included 213 Covid-19-infected patients admitted to the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen from January 11th to February 3rd, 2020, who were diagnosed by Guangdong CDC. A total of 866 respiratory tract samples, including 490 nasal swabs, 205 throat swabs, 142 sputum samples and 29 BALF samples, were collected at the time of admission and after each time point. According to the collection date, the samples were divided into 0~7 days, 8~14 days and ≥15 days after onset. According to the guidelines on prevention and treatment of Covid-19 infection issued by National Health Commission, patients were divided into severe and mild cases.

Three groups were divided according to the sample collection time after onset, and the viral nucleic acid was quantitatively determined.The positive rate of viral nucleic acid in sputum samples was the highest in the group of 0~7 days after onset.The positive rates of severe and mild cases were 88.9% and 82.2% respectively.Followed by a nasal swab.(73.3% and 72.1% respectively),The throat swab again.(60.0% and 61.3% respectively). In mild cases, the positive rate of nasal swab and sputum samples is similar.

The positive rate of BLAF samples collected from 8 to 14 days after the onset of severe cases was 100%.However, the BALF samples of 3 mild cases were negative. In all cases, the positive rate of sputum samples was the highest in the 8~14 days after onset, which was much higher than that of nasal swab and throat swab. It is worth noting that the positive rate of throat swab in severe patients is only 50%, and that in mild patients is only 29.6%.

In the group ≥15 days after onset,The positive rates of BALF, sputum and nasal swab from severe cases were similar. In mild cases, the positive rate of sputum and nasal swab is similar, which is much higher than that of throat swab.

For the diagnosis of viral nucleic acid in COVID-19’s patients,Sputum samples are the most accurate, followed by nasal swabs. It is not recommended to collect throat swabs for diagnosis.

The difference between oropharyngeal swab and nasopharyngeal swab

anusswab

Brother Hong:

1. Oropharyngeal swab is the least painful and most acceptable, but it has to bear the consequences of high false negative results. My suggestion is to use it according to the epidemic risk in the first epidemic area.

2. The positive rate of nasopharyngeal swab is higher than that of oropharyngeal swab, which is why nasopharyngeal swab is introduced into laboratory examination in the fifth edition of Diagnosis and Treatment Plan for Pneumonia Infected by Covid-19 (the fourth edition is still pharyngeal swab). If we want to pursue accuracy, it is suggested to use it, or to use it when screening people in close contact or sub-close contact. At present, the examination of returnees in domestic reports seems to be nasopharyngeal swab method.

3. Alveolar lavage fluid can’t be used for screening in the general population, so it is suggested that hospitals with ICU should use it for screening severe pneumonia patients living in ICU for COVID-19 patients.

4. Deep expectoration seems to be the best sample, but many patients in COVID-19 have a dry cough, which may not be possible.

5、anusSwabs were used in Daxing epidemic in Beijing, which is the first time to use this method in the screening process. In some literatures,anusAlthough the positive rate of swabs is not high, as I remember, it seems to be more than 10%, but it does not seem to coincide with the patients with oropharyngeal swabs, suggesting that the virus may attack the gastrointestinal tract, and also suggesting that there may be the possibility of gastrointestinal transmission in Covid-19. Although the initial symptoms of some patients are gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea, there are also ACE2 receptors in the digestive tract, which is theoretically possible, but it has not been confirmed at present. So,anusMy suggestion is that swabs can only be used as a supplement to nasopharyngeal swabs, and it is better to select patients whose first symptoms are digestive tract symptoms more accurately, which is unlikely to be used as a means of large-scale screening.

Solution:It is best for National Health Commission to issue a guiding document for large-scale screening, and make detailed regulations on what population and what sampling methods to adopt under what circumstances.,When local governments encounter an outbreak in COVID-19, it’s best to ask professionals to act as consultants and make choices according to the actual situation.

Third, the consistency of sampling ability of sampling personnel affects the sampling results.

Garbage in, garbage out (garbage samples produce garbage results), which is a sentence that inspectors often say.

The sampling team is huge, and the ability of sampling personnel must be uneven. In addition, people may have such fears about sampling, which often leads to unqualified samples.

Generally, there is an internal standard in the molecular diagnostic reagent to monitor the detection process, for example, RNaseP is used as the internal standard. If both the sample response curve and the internal standard response curve displayed by the fluorescence PCR platform do not jump, it means that the quality of the collected samples may have problems or false negatives may occur due to improper experimental operation, which needs to attract the attention of medical workers. The RNaseP internal standard can monitor the sample collection and ensure the accuracy of the test results.

Note: RNaseP is ribonuclease P, which is one of the most important ribozymes in human body. It is ubiquitous in all organs, tissues and cells of human body, and can detect RNA nucleic acid fragments from human body samples, and can also be used as an internal standard.

And I privately asked the relevant person in charge of our city’s temporary inspection center. He told me that every day in our hospital, some samples were told that they needed to be re-sampled because the internal standard did not jump. Imagine that you didn’t wipe down a few cells in your throat swab collection, so will the negative of this nucleic acid be accurate?

Solution:Consistency training for nucleic acid sampling personnel will greatly reduce the human influence, and it is easier to standardize the sampling process by taking such sampling methods as nasopharyngeal swab. Our city seems to have trained the nucleic acid emergency sampling team very early. What about your city?

In addition, if in the environment of large-scale nucleic acid sampling, when testing under the standard of 5-mixed 1 and 10-mixed 1, according to the above principle of internal standard, it seems that there is no single-tube ability in the quality control of internal standard. Therefore, especially those in the emergency sampling team, we must pay attention to the standard sampling methods and remember to collect qualified samples as much as possible.

Fourth, choose the right oneSampling device

The virus preservation tube mainly consists of a sampling swab and a virus nucleic acid preservation tube (containing virus nucleic acid preservation solution). There are many kinds of virus preservation tubes on the market at present.It is very important for epidemic prevention and disease diagnosis to choose the appropriate virus preservation tube, reduce the infection risk of medical inspectors as much as possible, and keep the virus RNA stable without degradation..

The preservation solution UTM used in traditional virus collection tubes is based on Hank’s solution, with gentamicin, fungal antibiotics, BSA (V), cryoprotectant, biological buffer and amino acids added. Its main purpose is to maintain the virus activity within a certain temperature range, so that it is convenient for health and epidemic prevention departments to further isolate, culture and trace the virus and determine the pathogen. This kind of non-inactivated tube, which I call it, is good for further work, but the sameLive virus increases the infection risk of medical staff in the whole process of sample collection, transportation and testing!Personally, I think this kind of sampling tube for inactivated virus should be a better choice for disease control sampling.

And clinicalIn order to achieve the purpose of rapid detection, it is not necessary to cultivate the virus, but only to crack the virus, so as long as the integrity and stability of the virus nucleic acid can be guaranteed.nowCommonly known as inactivation tube.Many inactivation tubes in China are used.The inactivation component is guanidine salt, which is in this inactivation tube in our hospital.Guanidine salt can crack the virus, but it can’t protect the integrity of nucleic acid for a long time.The virus nucleic acid may have been degraded during the delivery of the sample to the laboratory, which will also cause a "false negative" in the detection. Many studies show that both temperature and time can affect the test results, so the COVID-19 Laboratory Testing Guide has clear requirements for samples to be tested within 24 hours after collection and transported at 4 degrees Celsius. If it is necessary to exceed 24 hours, it should be stored at -70 degrees Celsius.

And some manufacturers put forward another inactivation tube, a kind of.containNon-guanidine saltThe virus preservation tube containing protein denaturant can inactivate the virus and ensure the preservation of virus nucleic acid at room temperature.And the virus nucleic acid is stably stored for 7 days.Does not degrade.

Solution:

1, from sampling to testing, it is necessary to mark the time, so that quality control can be carried out on the preservation time, which is basically no problem in a better hospital.

2. For the front-line staff to do the corresponding training, they should know the advantages and disadvantages of various types of preservation tubes and adopt the best sampling tubes suitable for local conditions.

3. It is best for the country to recommend the selection of sampling tubes with the support of relevant experimental data.

5. Failure of reagents caused by virus mutation?

After the virus mutation in South Africa, Britain, Brazil and other places, there have been cases that turned positive after ten tests in various parts of the world, including China.The FDA recently warned that virus mutation has caused some reagents to fail, and listed several kits that may be affected by mutation. This means that virus mutation may have led to the failure of some nucleic acid detection or persistent false negative.

The FDA listed several kits that may be affected by mutation:

Accula SARS-Cov-2 detection (Mesa Biotech): If the virus mutates at the 28881st base (GGG to AAC), the detection of this kit will be affected;

TaqPath COVID-19 Combo Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific): This kit detects three genes at the same time, and the variant B.1.1.7 appearing in Britain will affect one of the detection results;

Linea COVID-19 detection (Applied DNA Sciences): This kit detects two genes at the same time, and the variant B.1.1.7 appearing in Britain will affect one of the detection results;

Helix, an American company doing nucleic acid detection, also noticed the influence of virus mutation on detection. The company’s nucleic acid detection simultaneously detected three Covid-19 genes: ORF1ab, N, and S. Because the B.1.1.7 strain that appeared in Britain had deletion mutation in S gene, ORF1ab and N could be detected in the detection, but S gene could not be detected (4). This phenomenon is called "S gene withdrawal".

In addition, the sensitivity of reagents from different manufacturers to COVID-19 is different, and the country also organized a national evaluation of reagents last year. butIn an evaluation study on the consistency and detection ability of seven domestic novel coronavirus nucleic acid detection kits published by Chinese Journal of Laboratory Medicine in July, 2020, it was proposed that "some kits have poor detection ability for weakly positive samples,It is suggested that weak positive samples should be rechecked by kits from at least two manufacturers to ensure the accuracy of the results."

Several targets of nucleic acid detection in Covid-19 are ORF1ab gene, N gene and S gene.

In the Technical Guide for Laboratory Detection of Pneumonia Infected in novel coronavirus issued by China CDC (hereinafter referred to as the Technical Guide), the two targets of nucleic acid detection in Covid-19 are ORF1ab gene and N gene respectively.

On January 6th, the Weekly Report of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention published the results of gene sequencing analysis of two cases of Covid-19 infection in Shijiazhuang and Xingtai. According to the published results, the strain prevalent in Gaocheng, Hebei Province, is different from the strain found in other places in China recently, and is homologous to the strain reported in Russia last July, belonging to strain B.1.1.123

Coincidentally, the mutation happened at the 28881 ~ 28883 bases of the virus gene of this strain, and this is exactly the position of the forward primer of the N gene!

This also explains why there were many negative results at that time.

I guess this is one of the reasons why the criteria for judging nucleic acid positivity have also changed.The judgment position that the single target is still positive after retest is positive.

Figure/Current Criteria for Judging Positive Cases in Technical Guide

Solution:

1. Require manufacturers of nucleic acid reagents to conduct confirmatory experiments on the current mutant strains and propose technical solutions.

2, all localities should introduce at least two kinds of better quality detection reagents, for control use.

3. Information about the failure of test reagents that may be caused by mutated viruses should be effectively and widely reported in domestic laboratories.

Six, the standard implementation in the process of laboratory testing

the pastAccording to the guidelines issued by relevant institutions, the collected samples need to be inactivated at 56℃ before nucleic acid detection, which is very likely to degrade the Covid-19 nucleic acid, which will lead to the failure of normal detection and ultimately improve the false negative rate.In the early daysInactivation treatment is carried out for the sake of biological safety, to protect the staff engaged in testing from virus infection.

But later, there were many voices of doubt in the academic circles, becauseViral RNA is easily degraded by ribonuclease, because this enzyme has the highest activity at 60℃. Ribonuclease comes from two aspects, one is the sample cells, and the other is the foreign pollutants in the process of collection, preservation and transportation.

Last February, there was a similar research article.The high-temperature inactivation process before virus nucleic acid extraction significantly reduces the amount of detectable virus nucleic acid templates, which has been pre-published on the platform of scientific papers of China Academy of Sciences.

And last May,The Journal of Clinical Chemistry published the research of Chinese scholars on Covid-19’s false negative test.The study confirmed that,Thermal inactivation can cause the increase of Ct value reflected by PCR and cause false negative results.Specifically, 46.7%(7/15) of the weakly positive samples were false negative after inactivation (a surprising proportion). Another inactivation method is to inactivate the virus by dissolving the virus protein with guanidine hydrochloride. This study confirmed that guanidine hydrochloride had little effect on PCR reaction, and the false negative rate was low, although there was also a false negative rate of 13.3%(2/15).

Related address: https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/66/6/794/5815979

I also inquired whether there was a 56-degree inactivation step in the detection process of CDC in the United States. Although my English ability was poor, I didn’t see this step by machine translation.

Including some other documents retrieved, it is also very clear that 56-degree inactivation does have a great influence on weakly positive specimens.

No matter the Manual of Nucleic Acid Detection in Medical Institutions in novel coronavirus (Trial) on July 13th, 2020 or the Manual of Nucleic Acid Detection in Medical Institutions in novel coronavirus (Trial 2nd Edition) on December 30th, 2020, there are corresponding descriptions.For the laboratory that has been inactivated with the sampling tube containing guanidine salt, there is no need to inactivate at 56 degrees for 30 minutes.This is only true if non-inactivated sampling tubes are used.

However, I learned from the familiar laboratory leaders that this is not the case. Many laboratories still require samples to be pretreated at 56 degrees for 30 minutes regardless of whether the tubes are inactivated or not. I can understand that they are worried about hospital infection and laboratory exposure. But generally speaking, reducing the false negative rate, increasing the detection amount and taking corresponding measures to control the epidemic situation as soon as possible, I think the corresponding suggestions in the corresponding guidelines are also the best choice from the overall situation and supported by data.

Our laboratory should not control the occurrence of hospital sensation and laboratory exposure at the expense of reducing the detection rate, but should focus on stricter control of experimental steps, more cautious PPE wear and higher laboratory environment.

Solution:

1. It is suggested that the state give special instructions to laboratories at all levels on this matter.

2. It is suggested that the country should further study the preservation solution of sampling tubes, and if there is any preservation solution that can not reduce the detection rate at 56 degrees for 30 minutes, it can also be recommended.

The above zero zero always said a lot of points, mainly about how to reduce false negative conclusions, hoping to give you a reference.

It’s been many days since I wrote this afternoon, mainly considering Spring Festival travel rush. Although the scale of Spring Festival travel rush is reported to have dropped by more than 75% this year compared with previous years, the population flow is still very strong. We may face the rising trend of an epidemic after Spring Festival travel rush, and how to make the work better may be a more urgent need before us.

　　Hubei Daily News (Reporter Wang Jing, arel) On December 30th, Ying Yong, secretary of the provincial party committee, presided over a forum to listen to the opinions and suggestions of grassroots party member cadres, heads of enterprises and universities and representatives of non-party people. Ying Yong stressed that it is necessary to conscientiously study and implement the spirit of the important speech delivered by the Supreme Leader General Secretary at the the Political Bureau of the Central Committee Special Democratic Life Conference, earnestly increase historical self-confidence, promote unity and unity, and enhance the spirit of struggle. Taking this democratic life conference as an important test of adhering to the "two establishments" and "two maintenances", we should further strengthen party leadership and party building, unite the wisdom and strength of the whole province, and provide for accelerating "building a fulcrum, walking in the forefront, and writing a new chapter"

　　At the forum, Huang Keli, secretary of Gucheng County Committee of Xiangyang City; Peng Qiang, secretary of Shengli Town, Luotian County, Huanggang City; Dong Shouzhi, secretary of Xiqiao Community, Tangjiadun Street, Jianghan District, Wuhan City; Wu Jing, secretary and chairman of Hubei Cultural Tourism Group Co., Ltd.; Jiang Liping, chairman of the provincial committee of Taiwan League and president of the provincial Taiwan Federation; Zheng Jun, member of the Central Committee of the Chinese Revolutionary Committee and president of Hubei Second Normal College; and Zhu Mei, full-time vice chairman of the provincial committee of the NLD. Tong Jinnan, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and director of the State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology of China Geo University (Wuhan), put forward opinions and suggestions on accelerating the development of county economy, improving the ability of grassroots cadres, deepening party building to lead grassroots governance, promoting the reform of provincial state-owned enterprises, continuously optimizing the business environment, and strengthening the training and use of non-party cadres. You should listen and take notes, interrupt from time to time, and discuss and communicate with you.

　　After listening carefully to the speech, Ying Yong said that everyone put forward good opinions and suggestions from various fields and aspects in combination with the actual work, which will help the provincial party Committee to grasp the facts, improve its work, better implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, and help the Standing Committee of the provincial party Committee to hold a special democratic life meeting. We will listen carefully and fully absorb it, and take practical and effective measures to do a good job and promote implementation.

　　Ying Yong pointed out that under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core and under the scientific guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, Hubei has made decisive achievements in epidemic prevention and control and post-epidemic revitalization. It is a vivid and concrete educational practice for Hubei to hand over the qualified answer sheet for the Great War Examination, which is to strengthen the "four consciousnesses", strengthen the "four self-confidences" and achieve the "two maintenance". It is necessary to profoundly understand the decisive significance and role of the "Two Establishments", and deeply understand that resolutely safeguarding the core of the CPC Central Committee and the core of the whole party is the key to the party’s consensus and decisive choice at major moments, and it is an important guarantee for the party’s unity and victory. Constantly improve political judgment, political understanding and political execution, and always maintain a high degree of consistency with the CPC Central Committee.

　　Ying Yong stressed that it is necessary to thoroughly study and implement the spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference, hold democratic life meetings with high quality and high standards, further strengthen the party’s political construction, guide the vast number of party member cadres in the province to learn wisdom and strength from the party’s century-long struggle history, vigorously carry forward the great spirit of party building, practice the initial mission, bravely move forward, do good deeds, do their best, effectively deal with the uncertainty of the external environment with the certainty of their own development, and continue to write about the high quality of Hubei’s economy and society.

　　Dong Weimin, member of the Standing Committee of the Provincial Party Committee and Secretary General, attended the forum.