[car home new car on the market] Recently, Ferrari officially launched the |) Spider model in China.And released it at the same timeThe price starts from 4.998 million yuan.The price will change with different optional configurations. The new car will adopt a hard-top convertible mechanism, which can be opened and closed in 14 seconds, and be equipped with a V8 dual turbocharging and motor hybrid system with a comprehensive power of 1,000 HP. See the table below for detailed models:

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Gengzi was forced to stay at home in the first month, after reading the online shopping "Information Dissemination and Control in Song Dynasty: A Survey Centered on Rumors".(Fang Yan, Zhonghua Book Company, November 2019; The following quotation is called "Gossip" for short.Try to make a brief comment on this new book from the perspective of Song history.

Since the beginning of the new century, information dissemination and control has become a hot spot in the study of Song history. Professor Deng Xiaonan has presided over many seminars and workshops on information channels in Tang and Song Dynasties and even longer. Of course, as Gossip said, previous studies paid more attention to the dissemination and control of institutional information channels, while "the research on the domination and management of informal information dissemination was neglected", especially the gossip phenomenon involving "people’s assembly behavior, interaction between officials and people, and regional activities" and its "relationship with social, cultural and psychological" lacked detailed analysis and revelation.(47 pages). Gossip is a social phenomenon that exists in any society and any era. Its specific directionality, wide audience, anonymity of communication and variability of communication not only make the hearers feel at a loss, but also make the politicians feel deeply embarrassed. The author describes himself and writes a thesis, hoping to provide valuable historical reference for the understanding, prevention, elimination and control of rumors in today’s society in transition.(48 pages).

Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the book is divided into six chapters. The first chapter discusses the information dissemination and government regulation in the Song Dynasty, and the next five chapters discuss the context of the birth of rumors in the Song Dynasty and its relationship with politics, economy, military affairs, border management and disasters. Perhaps limited by the main title of Information Dissemination and Control in Song Dynasty, the extension of information discussed in the first chapter is a little too broad in terms of reading sense. If we study the functions, communication forms, control and regulation of official information in a relatively in-depth way, we can directly focus on the subtitle "Investigation centered on rumors", which may highlight the main idea.

There is no doubt that rumors and rumors belong to the information category. The author reminds that "there are different definitions of rumors and rumors in academic circles, and there is no clear distinction". The reason why the book uses the neutral concept of "rumors" is: "First, the part of speech is more derogatory when people use rumors today, and second, the rumors are partly related to facts", which is desirable. But it then interprets "gossip" as "an unconfirmed story about people and things spread through private or public channels,inexactInformation "(8 pages, highlighted in bold)I think that the word "inaccurate" is not accurate, just as there is the same problem in judging the "inaccurate" of rumors, so it should be changed to "I don’t know the exact", which is almost in line with the principle of neutral definition. This paper will also discuss the rumors and political responses of the Song Dynasty discussed in the book under the principle of neutrality.

one

One of the deepest impressions of Gossip is the rich and detailed collection of historical facts, which is closely related to the fact that the number of historical materials handed down from ancient times in the Song Dynasty almost exceeded the sum of its previous documents because of the popularity of printing. However, the strength and frequency of rumors in an era must have a subtle interaction with social history. Investigating the rumors in the Song Dynasty, we should bring the social transformation between the Tang and Song Dynasties into our field of vision. This transformation directly or indirectly formed the historical background of rumors in Song Dynasty in many aspects, and showed new characteristics of the times in the generation subject, communication mode and interaction form of rumors.

First of all, the Song Dynasty recognized that "the four are the common people’s businesses".("Jiading Chicheng Zhi Tiantai Order Zheng Zhidao’s Seven Stories")There is a trend of relatively equal among all social strata. The profound changes in class structure have led to the gradual equalization of the right to speak, including rumors. Compared with the autocratic dynasties before and after it, the public opinion environment and ideological control in the Song Dynasty are relatively relaxed (of course, the obvious differences in different periods should also be distinguished). Although the bureaucratic intelligentsia, as the backbone of society and the imperial elite, is still the main class leading public opinion, farmers, craftsmen and businessmen have the right to speak in law compared with the previous generation, and may also become one of the main bodies of rumors, transforming their likes and dislikes into rumors and spreading them to the world in due course. Compared with the previous generation, the rumors often focused on the upper level of the ruling and opposition parties, and the political rumors reflecting the demands of the lower level generally surfaced only when the society changed greatly. The rumors in the Song Dynasty highlighted the various aspects of their daily society and had more social and historical value.

Secondly, the society in Song Dynasty showed unprecedented mobility. In the fields of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce, workers from all walks of life establish the labor relationship between employers and employees through contracts, and they all have the right to choose and stay independently after the expiration; The class mobility between scholars, peasants, industry and commerce is also a social phenomenon from time to time. The appointment system drives national officials to go to their posts, or report to the capital and serve on the road. The scientific research system regularly promotes the directional flow of students and scholars, and the prosperity of urban economy and the active business behavior lead to the frequent flow of traders. In the pre-modern traditional society, the unprecedented strengthening of this kind of social mobility has brought an impact on the generation frequency and spread rate of rumors.

Thirdly, with the continuous development of social economy, rumors in the Song Dynasty have clearly highlighted the characteristics of the times in terms of diffusion channels and means. With the popularity of printing, rumors spread widely by printing paper media. For example, unofficial history’s novels published by bookshops were greatly favored by the government and people in the ruling and opposition, and folk tabloids imitating Dibao also tried printing methods. With the help of urban economy and civic culture, Washe Goulan, Teahouses and Restaurants are the exchange platforms for gossip from all directions, and the civic literature and art such as speaking, nonsense, singing, zaju, movies and other performances on these platforms have also become the deduction means and communication channels of gossip. In crowded city gate thoroughfares and hostels where people flow, anonymous posts and anonymous topic walls are also common forms of rumors.

Finally, as the central plains regime, the Song Dynasty has always faced the severe situation of the strong enemy in the north. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, there were Song Liao wars, Song Xia wars in the middle period, Yanshan Battle and Song Jin wars in the late period, and so on. And the whole Southern Song Dynasty was under the cloud of wartime system. The sharp confrontation between the North and the South and the bitter national war have left the subjects in the ruling and opposition parties in a state of anxiety, perplexity and even fear and panic for a long time. And the anxious situation and anxious mentality are the most suitable hotbeds for rumors to breed. As the fourth chapter of "Gossip" shows, the number of military rumors is one of the characteristics of the Song Dynasty which is different from other dynasties.

The characteristics of the times of rumors in the Song Dynasty put forward a new topic for the rulers to govern the country, and Gossip fully revealed its success and failure.

two

In terms of political civilization, the Song Dynasty did make progress compared with the previous generation, but after all, it was still a monarchy bureaucracy. When evaluating its relatively relaxed public opinion environment, we should not only grasp the scale, but also distinguish the differences of political ecology in different periods, especially when investigating the relationship between rumors and politics in the Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, political rumors were generally dealt with by means of persuasion, utilization and control.

Let’s talk about grooming first. Under the monarchical bureaucracy, the supreme ruler generally hopes to master accurate and comprehensive information resources in time, so as to effectively operate the ruling machine and avoid breeding unfavorable rumors. The ways of obtaining information resources in Song Dynasty can be divided into normal channels and abnormal channels. The normal channel is that bureaucrats at all levels declare relevant information. However, as the first accountable person for information declaration, officials at all levels tend to weaken or even block the information feedback in normal channels for official career considerations such as whitewashing peace, catering to superiors, maintaining political achievements and shirking responsibility. "Gossip" takes the disaster as an example, and divides the local officials’ misrepresentation of the disaster into common forms such as delaying reporting, false reporting, concealing, and not reporting.(142 pages). These types of false declarations are not only limited to disaster response, but also the normal state of bureaucracy in any authoritarian regime. In Song Dynasty, another set of procedures was designed on abnormal channels, in order to avoid the obstruction and congestion of normal channels, which eventually led to rumors confusing people and endangering political security. In the Song Dynasty, officials and civilians were allowed to have the right to direct and cross-sue on the premise that the reasons were sufficient and the information was true. Direct complaints are divided into inviting the imperial coach (that is, blocking the emperor’s driving to sue the imperial court), climbing the drums (going to the Jingshi Dengwen Drum Academy and Dengwen Inspection Institute to complain about drums) and sending a letter (that is, sending a report letter); Leapfrogging means allowing leapfrog complaints outside the routine of step-by-step appeals.(pages 143-146). In terms of system regulations, although the abnormal channel reserves the right to appeal to the people who have been wronged, according to historical data, although there are occasional cases, it is not appropriate to exaggerate its effectiveness. The strategy of dealing with rumors in Song Dynasty depends on two points. First, the advantages and disadvantages of the official management of specific officials. Being virtuous, the information feedback from normal channels is basically timely and effective; On the other hand, normal channels will be useless. The second is the political ecology in different periods. If we take the Northern Song Dynasty as an example, during the period of Qingli and Jiayou in Song Renzong where the political ecology was relatively clear (1041-1063), the feedback of gossip information obviously could not be compared with the period of Zhenghe and Xuanhe in Song Huizong (1111-1125).

Second, use. In the situation that information is not transparent and open, rumors have two sides. On the one hand, in view of the fact that gossip often becomes the public’s form of expressing attitude, evaluation and appeal, the ruling group knows that "if the people have it, the objections will disappear" when they are awake.(Su Zhe’s "Luan Cheng Ji San Lun Respectively Evil and Righteousness Zazi")So as to listen to rumors, master public opinion, examine people’s hearts and improve politics. While perfecting the official information declaration system, the Taiwan remonstrator who was chartered to be responsible for supervision in Song Dynasty had the right to "get wind of things", which was the intention. The so-called "getting wind of it" not only refers to allowing supervisory officials to choose rumors as the basis for rectifying disintegration, but also encourages them to spread rumors to the center, "hoping to widely adopt them to make up for the lack of government."("Song Shi Lu Hui Biography"). My book "Research on the System of Taiwan remonstrance in Song Dynasty" once discussed the pros and cons of hearsay, and the key still depends on whether the political ecology is clear or not. On the other hand, gossip is always used as a political tactic to induce public sentiment, will and inclination, so as to blend and sell their political premeditated. Song Taizu instigated the fabrication of political rumors such as "Being the Emperor", "Khitan’s invasion" and "It’s going to get worse every day" for the sake of the yellow robe, and won the Zhao family’s world in one fell swoop with the Chen Qiao mutiny. In order to strengthen the legitimacy of the throne, Song Zhenzong made a fuss about the gobbledygook event for fourteen years, so that "once the monarch and his subjects were crazy", as the author said, "it was actually a premeditated, prepared, carefully planned and directed gossip farce by the monarch and his subjects"(page 419).

Let’s talk about control. Gossip quoted David Butler, a British scholar, as saying, "No government, democratic or authoritarian, can allow the mass media to develop freely without some form of regulation or restriction."(Page 2)It goes without saying that the control of the Song Dynasty was of course autocratic. Throughout the Song Dynasty, divination, astronomical pictures and other folk printed materials were all banned, and if there were any printing plates and carved stones, they were all recovered, which was "abandoned by officials"; In the later period of Song Huizong, similar regulations also applied to the secret association of "Zoroastrianism people reading scriptures and painting Buddha statues" (pages 131-133). When Qin Gui’s dictatorship stifled dissent for the Shaoxing system, it banned private history by state power, falsely calling it "the theory of evil seeking falsehood", and the dictatorship system even suppressed public opinion and eliminated rumors in a perverse way.(See the book "Self-shaping and Other-shaping of the image of Qin Gui’s dictatorship in Nandu").

In the Song Dynasty, the official mansion newspaper must be pre-examined before it is published, and the right to publish public information is firmly grasped. Not only the political secrets of the dynasty, including the discussion of current politics and matters related to disasters, but all "information that is regarded as sensitive or negative by the rulers is strictly restricted by the government."(pages 128-129). The control of official mansion newspapers in Song Dynasty was quite effective, but it was a headache for folk tabloids. Most of the tabloids reported things that were not reported by the local government, and the local officials "got it from the leakage of the provincial hospital or from the news of the market". Every day, a piece of paper was published, and it was reported far and near, and even openly peddled around the street. Tabloid news, re-inspection afterwards, "maybe or not". Since the reign of Filial Piety in the Southern Song Dynasty, the court has repeatedly awarded awards and strictly banned it, but in the end of the Song Dynasty, tabloids were banned. Regardless of the government and the people, "tabloids are the first, and newspapers in the DPRK are the norm."(pages 134-136). From this, we can infer two points: first, the strictly filtered Dibao (that is, Chaobao) is far from meeting the daily information needs of bureaucrats and scholars, which shows that although the public opinion in Song Dynasty is loose, the public information publishing mechanism is still not perfect and transparent; Secondly, the tabloid information is mixed with truth and falsehood, but it has become one of the most important information sources outside legal channels. Of course, these are the main reasons for the repeated prohibition of gossip tabloids. On the other hand, it also shows that the autocratic centralization of power in the Song Dynasty still belongs to the pre-modern form, and has not yet reached the point where it is omnipotent.

three

It is generally believed in the academic circles that with the formation of the scholar-bureaucrat class and the rise of its conscious consciousness, combined with the leading thought of "taking the world as its own duty" of Neo-Confucianism, a kind of "public discussion" has been formed in the Song Dynasty, which plays an active role in restricting imperial power and upholding righteousness in political life. Only in this way, bureaucratic scholar-officials confidently warned the emperor: "public discussion is the spirit of the country."("Memorials of Celebrities in Past Dynasties", volume 152, and Mou Zicai’s "Cuozi due to Disasters").

Gossip divides the public discussion into two categories, namely, spreading the public discussion among scholars and spreading the public discussion at the bottom of the people, which not only "embodies the public opinion and people’s desire", but also adopts oral communication.(105 pages). Combined with the history of the Song Dynasty, public discussion is also a special form of gossip. In my opinion, it has the following characteristics. First, no matter what kind of public discussion, on the one hand, it may absorb the previous gossip elements, on the other hand, it may become the gossip content after that. Secondly, the boundary between the two kinds of public discussion is not absolutely closed. There are many examples in the Song Dynasty, such as the reasonable integration of the factors of public discussion in the public discussion and the grounded reproduction of the connotation of the public discussion. Thirdly, in the normal period of political ecology, the people’s public discussion can also be presented to the monarch through the scholar-officials and bureaucrats as an information reference for the centralized regime to govern the country; In the period of deteriorating political ecology, even if the scholar-officials discussed it, it was impossible to reach the court, and they were denounced as demagogues by authoritarian or political opponents. Fourthly, in the political history of the Song Dynasty, there was a substitution phenomenon between the strong and weak curves of the two kinds of public consultation: during the period of political clarity, the effective peak of the public consultation increased, while the effective peak of the public consultation decreased; However, during the period of political ecological reversal, the scholar-bureaucrat discussion gradually disappeared, but the people’s discussion took its place. In the 12th year of Chunyou in the Southern Song Dynasty (1252), Mou Zicai reminded Song Lizong that "there is a way in the world, and public discussion is in the court; There is no way in the world, and public discussion is in the grass. "("Memorials of Celebrities in Past Dynasties", volume 312, "On the five things of yin turbidity")It is this phenomenon that is revealed.

"Gossip" classifies people’s discussion as the folk communication of information and divides it into verbal communication and non-verbal communication (non-verbal communication has little to do with people’s discussion, so there is no theory). Under verbal communication, it is divided into three forms: folk literature and art, excellent words and music and folk proverbs.(pages 109-121). In fact, excellent words and music also belong to the category of folk literature and art, so the modes of public discussion are mainly folk literature and folk proverbs. Relatively speaking, the ballads and proverbs handed down from ancient times in the Song Dynasty are far richer than folk literature and art, and the results in the study of rumors as a public discussion are also more fruitful. This research, besides Gossip, is also worth mentioning: Folk Songs and Social Studies in the Song Dynasty.(Zhao Yaodan, China Social Sciences Press, December 2015, hereinafter referred to as "Folk Proverbs"). Both books regard political ballads and proverbs as a special form of political rumors and public discussion, and explore their interactive relationship with politics in Song Dynasty.

Shortly after Song Huizong ascended the throne, he replaced his former central control mode with the court centralization mode, which was relatively balanced in power and operated effectively, but his political rule was "disastrous"(Liu Zijian’s "China Turning to the Inner" on page 72). In order to strengthen the centralized mode of Song Huizong Group, the bureaucratic elite of the scholar-officials was expelled from the DPRK. At the latest, the bureaucratic scholar-officials who dared to remonstrate even the information channels of normal political participation existed in name only, let alone the discussion of the scholar-officials. In contrast, as a public discussion, the current political ballads and proverbs are unprecedentedly active, commenting on the current situation with the special form of political rumors and attacking the state affairs.

In the first year of Zhenghe (1111), Cai Jing was reunited with Tong Guan, and the proverb "Breaking the barrel (child) and splashing the food (Cai) is a good world on earth" spread all over the world, expressing the public’s worry about "two people dying in chaos". In the third year of Zhenghe, He Zhizhong fawned on Cai Jing, and at the same time, Gao Qiu was promoted to the position of temple commander. Nursery rhymes in Beijing sang: "Kill Artemisia, cut vegetables, and eat lamb lotus leaves." "Artemisia" refers to Tong Guan, while "Cai" still refers to Cai Jing. "Lamb" is homophonic for "Senior Two" (that is, Gao Qiu, the second child of the Gaos), and "Lotus Leaf" refers to He Zhizhong. Verbs such as "hit", "splash", "kill", "cut" and "eat" in ballads and proverbs are clearly defined in love and hate, but they still show irony in homophonic banter.

In the first year of Xuanhe (1119), Wang Fu and Cai Jing merged, and the political affairs were even dirtier. "Selling officials and titles, there is a price", and the folk proverb directly denounced: "Three thousand suo, straight secret cabinet; Five hundred penetration, Zhuo tong sentence "("Old News of Qu Yan"). According to Notes of the Old Learning Temple, the following year, there were "dozens of people wearing gold belts, all of whom were slaves of Zhu’s family" at the guest table in Zhizhou, Hangzhou, and a folk song sang: "Gold belts and silver belts are bad for Zhu’s family in Zhao’s world." The last sentence seems to be a pity for the "Zhao world", but I don’t know that Zhu CuO’s Daxing Hua Shigang pushed against Fang La and pursued the imperial script of Zhao’s regime. In the fifth year of Xuanhe, Song Huizong celebrated by "recovering" Yanshan Mountain, and two folk songs were sung in the capital. One cloud: "If you are happy, you must start;" Sorrow is sorrow, not long. Xin is Xin, and I will stay together. If you are afraid, you will be afraid, and people will break the fight. " The second cloud says, "It’s full of flowers outside, but empty inside. But look at February next year, and there is no master in the city. " Political proverbs express a clear negative public opinion: not only does Yanjing, which started by luck, "not last long", but even Tokyo will "not see the master" next year. As the "Gossip" said: "The hollowed-out inner part of the Song Dynasty can not be concealed by the superficial prosperity."(52 pages)

At the beginning of the first year of Jingkang (1126), Jin Jun Enemy at the Gates and Song Qinzong, who had just acceded to the throne, repeatedly begged for a letter. However, after the situation of Jinbing’s withdrawal from the north eased, they put the defense against gold in Hedong and other places behind them, ignoring the possibility that Jin Shuai Yan Hong Zongwang (the second prince) might invade the south again, but they were eager to establish a prince, and at the same time investigated Chen Dong, the leader of the "Six Thieves", who had fallen into trouble before, and soon spread in Tokyo. Regardless of the second prince, he manages the prince. " There is a proverb that thunders against the court’s "repressors" and suppresses the space of speech: "The city gate is closed, and the road is open; The city gate is open and the road is closed. " The annual money of Song Huizong Dynasty continued to circulate after the reform of Jingkang, but in Jingkang and Jianyan (1126-1130), Qianzhou refused to use the annual money of Xuanhe and Zhenghe, which was called "No money for the emperor" (volume 2 of Chicken Ribs), and directly linked the annual money of Huizong with "No money for the emperor" and nailed Song Huizong to "No money for the emperor".

In the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a period of peace, in which "playing folk songs received holy knowledge". No matter whether they were ordered to be sent out or served in counties, officials had the responsibility to choose folk songs and be sympathetic to public feelings. The so-called "folk songs were collected everywhere, and the people were eager for them." The machine of serving the country is dense, and it is a quiet scene for singing. "(Wang Yucheng’s "Giving an Interview to the Special Envoy"); "Make Yin beg the people, and listen to the road rumors."(Xu Guangyuan’s "He Xu Lingnan New Road Middle"). When it came to politics and propaganda, the political ecology under Song Huizong was extremely deteriorated, and the way of speaking was blocked and the righteousness was not good. "Scholars knew the court’s will and stopped writing."("Three Dynasties North League" Volume 96). As a public discussion, even though political proverbs are close at hand in Beijing, the supreme ruling group either turns a deaf ear or turns a deaf ear.

Compared with the Song Dynasty, "when the ancestors were in their prime, they raised their morale with generosity."("Zhen Wenzhong’s Collection of Official Documents, Wuchen went to the temple in April to play two")Song Huizong Group is a complete failure in dealing with public discussion and political rumors. The profound lesson and unfortunate outcome of this change, as Liu Zijian, a famous scholar of Song history, pointed out: All this was due to "Huizong began to abuse the imperial power, which eventually led to the tragic demise of the Northern Song Dynasty."("China turned to the inside" on page 72).

This article was first published in WeChat official account, Research Information of Song History, and was forwarded with the authorization of the author.

Zheng Yusheng vs Guo Xiaodong

　　Directed by John Woo and Su Zhaobin and co-starring Michelle Yeoh, Zheng Yusheng, Wang Xueqi, Lin Xilei, Guo Xiaodong and Jiang Yiyan, the martial arts blockbuster "Sword Rain" uses the "+" trump card, which makes the audience enjoy the full sense of suspense in the film. In particular, the face-changing plot implicitly displayed in the film also makes everyone feel a little melancholy and sentimental. The two handsome men of China and South Korea – Guo Xiaodong and Zheng Yusheng’s interpretation of the past and present life of the male lead Zhang Renfeng has become a major attraction.

　　Drizzle (Lin Xilei, played) in order to get rid of the killer’s life, she did not hesitate to change her face and renamed herself Zeng Jing (Michelle Yeoh, played). She married Jiang Ah Sheng (Zheng Yusheng, played), an honest man, and wanted to live an ordinary life. In the end, what she did not expect was that Jiang Ah Sheng was not Jiang Ah Sheng, but Zhang Renfeng (Guo Xiaodong, played), who had survived death after being chased by Drizzle and others. Zhang Renfeng, played by Guo Xiaodong, is the earliest male protagonist in the film. Everyone never expected that this swordsman with a jagged sword has super defensive power and the ability to resist fighting is similar to the "undead body" that is popular in the rivers and lakes. Although he was beaten down repeatedly, and even passed through the heart by the sharp sword, he stood up again and again with gritted teeth. In order to avenge his father’s murder, he did not hesitate to change his face, hide his name, and wait for the opportunity to find out the real murderer of his father. Guo Xiaodong and Zheng Yusheng played Zhang Renfeng before and after the change of face respectively. In the film, from Guo Xiaodong’s eyes, everyone saw hatred and sentimentality, and from Zheng Yusheng’s eyes, they saw touching and firm. Although she did not find her father’s killer after plastic surgery, Zhang Renfeng harvested a love in advance.

　　 Guo Xiaodong is well-known for starring in the TV series "New Marriage Times", "The Colonel’s Daughter", movies,, etc., and can be called the representative of the new good man in the Chinese film and television industry; Zheng Yusheng is known as a synonym for Korean beautiful men, and his starring movies have made him famous. Both actors have a large fan base in their countries, and their strength should not be underestimated. It seems that Zhang Renfeng, co-starring these two men, has both the high-quality appearance of an Asian and the personality characteristics of a good man. No wonder it made Slight Rain fall in love.

This time, it was Guo Xiaodong who cooperated with well-known directors from Hong Kong and Taiwan again after the ancient costume blockbuster, and once again showcased his martial arts. The difference was that he completely gave up for the role this time, because there were a lot of PK scenes, and there were many tragic scenes of being hunted down and washed by the flood, so the appearance was often "scarred", but it was such a miraculous Jianghu character who survived a disaster that Guo Xiaodong played vividly, with tenacity and dashing in a sad way.

Titanium media note:This article is from WeChat WeChat official account Universe All Metaverse (ID: All Metaverse 001), written by Yuan Allen, and published by Titanium Media with authorization.

Are you afraid that your job will be replaced by AI? ChatGPT, a chat bot, has exploded social networks in recent days, and global technology giant Microsoft also plans to add 10 billion dollars to it. To what extent is his chat ability, can he really subvert the current artificial intelligence ecology? The following 49 ChatGPT usages may help you to open your cognition.

Yes, creativity, research and code work that we find difficult to replace in traditional cognition may be challenged by this upstart AI with 1.3 billion high-quality parameters. After the measured experience, the author thinks that ChatGPT has the ability to easily pass the Turing test (that is, people mistakenly think it is a conversation with a real person), and its answer is more detailed, convincing and continuous logical reasoning ability than siri, Xiao Bing and other mainstream conversation robots.

At the end of November 2022, the American head artificial intelligence research institute OpenAI released the latest generation of ChatGPT, which broke through one million users in just one week. According to UBS Group AG, ChatGPT has accumulated 100 million users in just two months, which is the fastest consumer Internet product in human history, breaking Tiktok9’s record of breaking 100 million users in nine months.

How does ChatGPT break the stereotype of "artificial mental retardation" of chat robots and create Wow moment for over 100 million users? What is the background and origin of OpenAI, and why it can overtake a number of information technology manufacturers and take the lead? This article will take you to draw a clear line and read ChatGPT and OpenAI in one article.

· ChatGPT：

It is an AI chat robot program developed by OpenAI, which is also often called artificial intelligence language model. This program is mainly based on the large-scale language model of GPT-3.5 architecture and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF).

· GPT-3：

The full name is Generative Pre-trained Transformer-3, which was released in May 2020. It is the third generation natural regression language model developed by OpenAI and adopted by Microsoft in September 2020. GPT— 3 includes 175 billion parameters, which is the largest artificial intelligence model in history.

· GPT-3.5：

The natural regression language model completed in early 2022 includes the supervised learning version of the model text— davinci— 002 and reinforcement learning version text— davinci— 003。 ChatGPT is formed by fine-tuning a model in GPT-3.5 series.

· AIGC：

That is, artificial intelligence generates content, and artificial intelligence independently creates new content forms such as text, image, music, video and code based on training data and generation algorithm model. Acumen research predicts that the AIGC market will reach $110 billion in 2030.

Generative AI:

That is, Generative AI, a general term for AIGC overseas, allows artificial intelligence models to learn components or elements of artifacts from data through various machine learning, and then generates original and reassembled real artifacts (content, products, tasks). These artifacts refer to training data and are similar, but not copied.

· NLP：

Natural language processing technology is one of the core topics of artificial intelligence, which forms feedback by matching combined answers in the answer base through semantic document analysis.

Human feedback reinforcement learning:

Compensation learning with human feedback (rlhf) is used to optimize and adjust the output results of the model by manually scoring the results generated by the model.

Transformer model:

Proposed in 2017, it is a neural network model based on self-attention mechanism, which was originally used to complete translation tasks between different languages, including encoder and decoder, which are responsible for encoding the source language text and converting the encoded information into the target language text information respectively.

Large language model:

Large Language model(LLM) is an AI model that integrates various requirements and adapts to differentiated business scenarios. Through pre-training, I can gain the ability of generation, world knowledge and context learning. After fine-tuning the instructions, I have the ability of emergence. In some texts, I even have a level beyond human beings, which requires great computational support.

Small language model:

The dominant research direction before 2015 is generally used to deal with single or similar tasks, which requires much less data and training than the AI big model, but the overall expression ability is also far from that of human beings.

In essence, ChatGPT is an advanced AI model, which has a very rich range of application answers. This product belongs to the AIGC track, and the answer is generated in the form of text-text. It can also be used as a prompt word to be extended to generate more content, such as text-image, that is, AI painting.

Development history of OpenAI company

OpenAI is an American artificial intelligence research laboratory, which consists of a profit-making organization OpenAI LP and a parent company’s non-profit organization OpenAI Inc Its purpose is to deal with the potential risks brought by the development of artificial intelligence, open its patents and research results, promote and develop friendly artificial intelligence, and benefit mankind as a whole. OpenAI is the unicorn behind the AI model ChatGPT, GPT-3, DALL-E 2 and the AI dialogue product ChatGPT, with a recent valuation of 29 billion US dollars.

December 2015:

Elon Musk and Greg Brockman (former Stripe CTO, now Chairman & President), Sam Altman (former President of YC, now CEO) and Ilya Sutskever (Geoffery Hinton, father of neural network, now chief scientist) and others founded OpenAI in San Francisco. The start-up capital is as high as $1 billion, including the fundraising they have completed from friends and relatives, including Reid Hoffman, co-founder of Linkdin, Peter Thiel, co-founder of Paypal, Jessica Livingston (co-founder of YC), and even AWS, YC and Infosys.

In 2016:

OpenAI developed the first intelligent system, which defeated the professional players in the Dota2 game.

In 2017:

OpenAI released GPT-1, which is a language processing model with 117 million parameters based on the encoder Transformer.

February 2018:

Elon Musk resigned from OpenAI.

In 2018:

OpenAI has received a new batch of donations from individual investors, including game developer Gabe Newell, Skype founder Jaan Tallinn, and former American and Canadian Olympians Ashton Eaton and Brianne Theisen-Eaton.

In 2018:

OpenAI cooperated with Microsoft to launch AzureAIPlatform, which is a new project to make it easier for developers to build and deploy AI applications.

March 1, 2019:

OpenAI LP subsidiary was established for profit. In the same period, OpenAI officials announced the pre-seed round investment from ReidHoffman Charity Fund and Khosla Ventures at that time, and the amount was not disclosed.

July 2019:

Microsoft injected $1 billion into OpenAI. This strategic investment makes Microsoft Azure the "exclusive" cloud computing service provider of OpenAI.

In 2019:

OpenAI released GPT-2, which is a more powerful language processing model of GPT-1, with 1.5 billion parameters after the park. More tasks are added, and its data set and model parameters are expanded.

In 2020:

OpenAI released DALL-E, a creative AI system that can be described as an original image according to this book.

June 2020:

OpenAI released GPT-3, which is the strongest language processing model in the past, with parameters as high as 175 billion. Massive training has created a strong performance of GPT-3 in article writing and representative writing.

September 2020:

Microsoft obtained the exclusive license of GPT-3.

In 2021:

OpenAI launched an AI venture capital fund with a total amount of 100 million US dollars. The LP behind it includes Microsoft and other partners. OpenAI hopes to invest in industries where AI technology can have a transformative impact, especially in medical insurance, education, climate change and tools to improve productivity.

January 2022:

OpenAI received $250 million in Series A financing.

November 30, 2022:

OpenAI released ChatGPT, which attracted millions of users in a week. It can answer informative and open questions, and can also interact continuously according to the context, and can create fluent poems, novels and even code content.

In 2022:

OpenAI’s annual revenue is about 36 million US dollars, its expenditure exceeds 544 million US dollars, and its annual loss exceeds 500 million US dollars.

January 2023:

Microsoft announced that it will invest $10 billion in OpenAI with a valuation of $29 billion, and all its products will integrate ChatGPT across the board. In addition to the previously announced search engines Bing and Office, Microsoft will also integrate ChatGPT in the cloud computing platform Azure, and Azure’s OpenAI service will allow developers to access the AI model. Microsoft CEO Nadella said that every product of Microsoft will have the same AI capability and be completely transformed.

At the end of January 2023:

Just two months after its launch, ChatGPT has exceeded 100 million monthly users at the end of January 2023, making it the fastest growing consumer application in history.

At the end of January 2023:　

ChatGPT announced an important update: improved "authenticity" and "mathematical ability".

February 2023:

OpenAI launched ChatGPT Plus subscription service, which costs $20 per month, giving paying users priority in using the service during peak hours.

Why OpenAI has become the top three AI laboratories in the world today can be seen from the above development history.

1. Super founder:

OpenAI is an organization established by the global super technology giants, born with a golden spoon. Elon Musk’s aura needs no further explanation. Samuel Altamn, CEO of Elon Musk, is a genius who dropped out of school majoring in computer science at Stanford University. He is also the former president and current chairman of YC, a well-known American venture capital institution, and can be said to be an absolute man of the hour in Silicon Valley.

2. Banknote capacity:

Before Microsoft’s huge investment of 10 billion yuan came out in early 2003, OpenAI had completed several rounds of personal and institutional investment, and its accumulated financing amount exceeded 4 billion US dollars, and it only reached the A round. This is inseparable from the founder’s rich and profound investor relationship and the cutting-edge artificial intelligence model that OpenAI constantly outputs.

3. Top talents:

At present, OpenAI has 375 resident employees in California, most of whom are top talents in the fields of artificial intelligence and machine learning. These technicians earn as much as $200 million a year.

It took more than two months, and ChatGPT has been fully circled around the world. What is the value of such an artificial intelligence chat robot that is responsive but not completely accurate?

1. The efficiency of the writing profession has doubled:

ChatGPT’s core competence lies in text output, including high-quality logic, examples and discussions, which has an impact on all office white-collar worker that need text output. It is foreseeable that the creators of AIGC that can be flexibly used in the future will have stronger productivity and workplace competitiveness, and it is unknown how many text jobs will be replaced by artificial intelligence like ChatGPT. Take Buzzfeed, an American news aggregation website, as an example. Recently, it announced that it would lay off 12% of its staff and introduce ChatGPT to create, and its share price soared by 300%.

2. The efficiency of code development doubled:

At present, ChatGPT has shown strong programming ability, even can output complete app programming, and has made some achievements in debugging. Programmers can use ChatGPT to build infrastructure, and on this basis, ChatGPT can optimize the code or manually optimize the code by constantly prompting new requirements.

3. Customer service, NPC, virtual employees’ soul upgrade:

At present, a large number of online customer service actually call fixed answers from a fixed question-and-answer library, which lacks flexibility and extensibility. chatgpt’s emergent ability can greatly improve the service ability of artificial intelligence customer service and optimize customer experience.

4. Provide cost reduction paradigm for AIGC research and development:

ChatGPT has accumulated massive pre-training model based on OpenAI, and achieved better product output effect with tens of billions of selected data far lower than that of the third generation model, which also highlights the importance of data quality and accurate RLHF, leading machine learning to shift from stacking data to optimizing data quality.

5. Open a corner of the next generation search engine:

Google CEO has sounded a red alert inside Google in the face of the phenomenal performance of ChatGPT. After all, ChatGPT has demonstrated a more efficient ability to answer questions in some fields than traditional search engines, and it is not excluded that ChatGPT will unlock the Internet search ability to supplement its answers in the future. This ability can be said to be a fundamental threat to Google’s foothold.

In 2022, "AIGC" took over the baton of "Metauniverse" and "Web3" and became a hot keyword in science and technology circles and venture capital circles, and ChatGPT can be said to be the first truly "AI killer application".

Venture capital giant Sequoia predicts that in the future, there will be different killer applications in the fields of text, code, images, speeches, videos and even 3D content. By then, the production and lifestyle of human beings will be reshaped:

Therefore, our best countermeasure should be to actively learn and embrace these new AI tools and do a good job of "man-machine collaboration" in order to have a foothold in the next era.

At present, there are many kinds of calcium tablets on the market, but the quality is mixed. Some unscrupulous merchants even produce and sell counterfeit calcium tablets for profit. The brands of regular manufacturers are printed on the surface of these calcium tablets, but the actual calcium content is seriously insufficient.

If we buy fake calcium tablets, we will not only spend a lot of money, but also fail to achieve the effect of supplementing calcium. Therefore, how to choose calcium is very important.

Today, let’s talk about calcium tablets and teach you how to quickly distinguish between "likui jy" and "Gui Li" in calcium tablets.

Types of calcium tablets

If you want to learn to distinguish between true and false calcium tablets, you must first know calcium tablets and understand their classification.

At present, calcium tablets sold in the market are mainly divided into inorganic calcium and organic calcium.

Inorganic acid calcium: high calcium content, but low solubility, which is irritating to the stomach. People with weak gastrointestinal function may have symptoms such as gastrointestinal discomfort after taking it, resulting in low calcium absorption rate, which in turn affects the effect of calcium supplementation.

Calcium organic acid: Different from calcium inorganic acid, calcium organic acid has low calcium content, but good water solubility and is easily absorbed by human stomach.

In recent years, the third generation of organic calcium tablets has appeared, and the common products are amino acid chelated calcium, calcium glycinate, calcium L- threonate and so on. Amino acid chelated calcium not only has the advantage of high calcium content, but also does not depend on the dissociation of gastric acid and has high absorption rate, so it is an ideal calcium tablet at present [1].

How to distinguish true and false calcium tablets

Then, in the face of a dazzling array of calcium tablets, how should we identify their authenticity?

Generally speaking, you can use the following three tricks.

Check the approval number

First of all, when we buy calcium tablets, we must pay attention to the approval number on its outer packaging. Regular drug packaging will clearly show: Chinese medicine quasi-word H (or Z, S, J, B)+8 digits.

If there is no logo printed on the outer packaging, it must be a fake and shoddy product, and you can report it to the industrial and commercial bureau or the consumer association in time.

Online inquiry and verification

If you still feel uneasy after purchasing the calcium tablets approved by National Medicine, you can log in to the National Medical Products Administration database for inquiry. Enter the letters and 8 digits of the drug name or the Chinese medicine standard, and you can check whether its manufacturer, specifications and packaging information are consistent with the purchased calcium tablets.

If the purchased calcium tablets are inconsistent with the results found on the Internet or the relevant information cannot be found, it means that the purchased calcium tablets are counterfeit products.

Small experiment to distinguish true from false

In addition to the above two methods, if you buy calcium tablets with calcium carbonate as the main calcium source, you can put a few calcium tablets into an empty cup, and then add some vinegar to it to see if it can produce a lot of bubbles.

If there are few bubbles in the cup, or there are no bubbles at all, it can be concluded that it is a fake calcium tablet made of starch.

Small coup of scientific calcium supplement in daily life

Calcium tablets are good, but don’t blindly supplement calcium. Because different people have different requirements for the dosage form and quantity of calcium, and the absorption and utilization ability of calcium is also different.

For example, for pregnant women, perimenopausal period and other special groups, it is necessary to increase calcium intake scientifically and reasonably under the guidance of doctors. If you blindly supplement calcium, it may cause excessive calcium supplementation and cause harm to your body.

In addition to taking calcium supplements, you can also supplement calcium through diet and exercise in daily life. Specifically, we can start from the following five aspects.

Food tonic is better than medicine tonic.

Usually, you can eat more calcium-rich foods such as milk, cheese, soybeans, tofu, eggs, shrimp, fish, crab, kelp, seaweed, fungus, sesame and hawthorn.

Pay attention to calcium supplementation time

It is most appropriate to take calcium tablets within 1 ~ 2 hours after meals. It is not advisable to drink strong tea, coffee and alcohol before and after taking calcium tablets, otherwise it will accelerate the loss of calcium. In addition, calcium supplementation before going to bed at night is also beneficial to calcium absorption.

Avoid high-fat diet.

High-fat foods easily react with calcium to produce insoluble calcium soap, which affects the absorption of calcium.

Eat less vegetables with high oxalic acid content

Water bamboo, bamboo shoots, spinach and amaranth can form insoluble calcium oxalate with calcium, thus affecting the absorption of calcium. Therefore, people with calcium deficiency should try to avoid eating the above vegetables when supplementing calcium.

Appropriate participation in outdoor activities

Proper outdoor activities can make people get enough sunlight, so that 7- deoxycholesterol in the skin can be activated by ultraviolet rays and then converted into vitamin D3, which promotes the absorption and utilization of calcium.

In daily life, we should not only have the ability of discerning calcium tablets and distinguishing "likui jy" and "Gui Li" in calcium, but also have the knowledge of scientific calcium supplementation, so as to supplement calcium effectively and reasonably and make our bodies healthier.

Source: Health China

Editor: Zhang Yueyang

Editor: lin li and Zhang Yueyang

Special feature of 1905 film network The documentary film "Writing in Real Time" faithfully records that at the end of February, 2022, on a deserted island bordering Hong Kong and Shenzhen, nearly 20,000 builders quickly put themselves into the project construction, fought bravely day and night, and completed a huge project that usually takes two years in just 51 days, showing the temperature in China and the speed in China, and reflecting the dribs and drabs of mutual help between the mainland and Hong Kong.

Since its release on May 26, 2023, the documentary film "Not an Island" has touched countless audiences, and so far it has won the third place in the mainland box office in 2023.

On the afternoon of July 5th, a seminar on documentary film "Not an Island" was held on the film channel, which was presided over by Professor Li Daoxin of Peking University. Professor Yin Hong from Tsinghua University, President of Contemporary Film Magazine Huang Yichuan, President of China Film Criticism Society Rao Shuguang, Director of Research Department of Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China Film Channel Program Center Wang Guowei, Researcher of China Film Art Research Center Li Zhen, Deputy Director of China Federation of Literary and Art Circles Tan Zheng, Deputy Director of China Youth Daily Cultural Center Guo Shaoming, Professor Suo Yabin from China Communication University, Associate Professor Hong Fan from Beijing Film Academy, Curator Sha Dan from China Film Art Research Center, and screenwriter Not an Island.

In February, 2022, the epidemic situation in Hong Kong was extremely severe, and the SAR government submitted a special application to the central government to build an emergency hospital. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has given the important instructions of "three things and two guarantees" on the epidemic situation in Hong Kong, namely, to take controlling the epidemic situation as soon as possible as the overriding task at present, mobilize all forces and resources that can be mobilized, and take all necessary measures to ensure the life safety and health of Hong Kong citizens and ensure the overall social stability in Hong Kong. After receiving the order, each participant has no distractions, relying on Chinese’s strong sense of faith. It is the historical mission and responsibility of the nation to make the island not lonely. Therefore, it is of great significance to record the creation of the film Not an Island. If we say that the live broadcast of "Rising Moon in the Bay Area" 2023 Greater Bay Area Film and Music Gala uses songs as the media to build a bridge between Greater Bay Area, then the documentary film "No Island" uses the truth as the medium to make the best visualization of the three common feelings, common memories and common consciousness.

Yin Hongyou, a professor in Tsinghua University, pays attention to the group images in documentary films. Recording the performance of the characters in the movie "Not an Island" starts from some ordinary things. These characters are working hard for a miraculous public event in different ways. At the same time of work, the film focuses on their family relationships, food, clothing, housing and transportation, and work distress. These touching details build a shocking image of anonymous people who can stand up on the big screen and live in a miracle without knowing it. Yin Hong commented: "This is a force that will never reappear in the later stage even if an actor is invited to play a real person to shoot a movie." "Not an Island", a film-based record of Chinese and China’s spirit, is of great value to children and grandchildren. "

Huangfu Yichuan, president of Contemporary Film magazine, was also moved by the documentary film Not an Island. Huangfu Yichuan pointed out that "Not an Island" can not only reflect the inner strength of ordinary people in China, but also reflect the epitome of China’s social culture, and proposed to collect all the video materials of "Not an Island".

The documentary film "Not an Island" focuses on the true story, which has certain historical document value. Rao Shuguang, president of the China Film Critics Association, compared "Not an Island" to a national photo album and a people’s photo album, and thought: "Not an Island records the major events in the country and leaves precious video historical materials for future generations, which is its special significance and value in the film history."

Wang Guowei, director of the research department of Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China Film Channel Program Center, thinks that the documentary film "Not an Island" has three great values. First of all, the historical value, the precious images of the times carefully captured by the film are of great historical value; Secondly, it is artistic value. The creative thinking of the film, starting from small characters, small events and small moves, reflecting great feelings is worthy of recognition. Finally, there is the value of publicity. Not an Island explores a way to express the close relationship between the motherland and Hong Kong through documentary films, and effectively proves that this move is an effective carrier for publicity to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.

Lok Ma Chau in "Not an Island" is full of people and machines roaring for 24 hours. Living quarters, office areas, shelter areas, isolation areas, treatment areas, etc. are quickly built, and it takes less than two months to complete the hospital construction task that takes two years to complete. Among them, the spirit of staying up all night and going all out demonstrated by all the construction personnel is similar to that in China’s mythology, that is, Yugong moved mountains, Jingwei reclaimed the sea, praised his father day by day, and Houyi shot at the sun. From this perspective, Li Zhen, a researcher at the China Film Art Research Center, regards the documentary film "Not Isolated Island" as a "Contemporary Classic of Mountains and Seas", and thinks: "Today, there are not isolated islands, which record the history of the nation and copy its spirit, and this spirit will be copied from generation to generation."

In terms of publicity value, Tan Zheng, deputy director of the Film Art Center of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, pointed out: "In the history of Hong Kong films, there is a great vacancy in documentary films, especially in the documentary era." In Tan Zheng’s view, the documentary film "Not an Island" shows the friendship between the mainland and Hong Kong, calling for a good memory, and it is also a distinct carrier of the concept of the Chinese nation community. More importantly, the documentary film "Not an Island" does not tell stories according to the narrative needs of traditional mainstream media propaganda films, but presents a sense of responsibility with the help of big screens, new media and details of various characters, especially in line with the communication needs of Hong Kong at this moment.

Suo Yabin, a professor at Communication University of China, also paid attention to the group image expression in the documentary film "Not an Island" and highly praised the film: "Not an Island" is not sensational or embarrassing, and its style is restrained and restrained, completing an event, a simple and complete outline of a puzzle. It is too difficult for the main melody works to do this, and too many works cannot achieve such a presentation. "

Guo Shaoming, deputy director of the Cultural Center of China Youth Daily, is very concerned about the emotional details hidden in the documentary film Not an Island. The physical space and psychological space constructed by the documentary film "Not an Island" complement each other. Through the trivial daily life and conversations of the builders, such as eating lunch, hanging clothes and chatting, as well as the detailed design of hidden emotions such as the countdown of the date on the billboard, the deep warmth and the faint sadness of homesickness are expressed.

Hong Fan, an associate professor at Beijing Film Academy, believes that the film not only links the mainland and Hong Kong, but also transcends the sense of isolation and interpersonal communication in modern society, and forms the emotional resonance of modern people in both cities and towns.

Shadan, curator of China Film Art Research Center, pointed out that the documentary film "No Island" is a work that enriches the whole historical process of social culture between the mainland and Hong Kong with images. He said: "If there is an opportunity to combine the drama" Banquet of the Giants "filmed to show the unity of the Chinese people after the flood in East China in 1991, the documentary" Dongjiang Water Coming Over the Mountain "filmed for the construction of Dongjiang water supply project in the 1960s, and this film" Not an Island "filmed for the central government’s assistance to Hong Kong, I believe it will be very valuable to show films related to the relationship between Hong Kong and the mainland."

At the end of the speech at the conference, Cao Jinling, the screenwriter and director of the documentary film Not an Island, reviewed the film production process and creative concept. Cao Jinling said that it is her pursuit of film to be deeply immersed in realism and present poetry in images. In the selection and creation of characters, Cao Jinling tries her best to explore emotions, always believing that the universal emotions of characters can touch the audience. I am not very grateful for the affirmation of scholars. Referring to the creation of documentary films, Cao Jinling bluntly said: "The material is real, and the creator’s subjective intentions and emotions are empty, that is, my subjectivity, my worldview, my humanity and my personality. I am grateful that this reality can be evaluated as introverted and temperate. " Not only that, Cao Jinling always listens and speaks with a learning attitude. "I will work harder and hope to do better." — — This is her eternal creative enthusiasm.

Flocks of geese cross the south, join forces to gather, and love connects islands into continents.

On the first day of this documentary film full of little people’s feelings, Hong Kong filmmakers such as,,,, Gillian and Asa made a reservation in succession. Musicians and Joey Yung jointly sang the promotion song "We Should Not Be Alone" of "Not an Island", which filled in a footnote for the film that "the Chinese nation is not alone, but must have neighbors" for thousands of years.

The film "Not an Island" records the speed and miracle of China’s construction, the record of overcoming difficulties and working together, and the record of saving one’s life and keeping one’s heart warm. In the film, we can see that the barbed wire buckle that separates Hong Kong from Shenzhen is melted by electric welding; The cordial greetings from the Hong Kong border commander to the construction workers during the inspection.

With nearly 20 thousand builders, Lok Ma Chau is not an island; With a strong motherland, Hong Kong is not an island; With China’s great contribution to the world’s anti-epidemic, countries around the world are no longer isolated islands under the epidemic.

Original Fengyun Mengyuan Guoke

Recently, the typhoon Xuanlannuo, which came from the depths of the sea, trudged to the offshore area of China, and its strong intensity and changeable path attracted a lot of attention.

The Central Meteorological Observatory issued a typhoon blue warning for Xuanlannuo, and many places also launched emergency response against Taiwan.

As the first super typhoon this year, "Xuanlannuo" was so powerful that it even swallowed another "typhoon embryo" on the way.

Xuanlannuo swallowed the tropical depression below @ Central Meteorological Observatory/Weibo.

It may just be the moment when the vast Yun Qi wind falls, and it goes north alone during the abrupt change of circulation in summer and autumn, carrying the endless long summer behind it, and creating a thousand autumn winds in front of it.

This paper will briefly explain the current and future influence of "Xuanlannuo".

Too long to read the version

"Xuanlannuo" belongs to the stronger level in the super typhoon level;

This year’s typhoon came not too late, but so far the number is small;

There is a high probability that Xuanlannuo will not land in China, but it will have an impact on coastal areas, especially in the eastern coastal areas of Zhejiang Province.

The surging "Xuanlannuo" instant webpage of Sunflower No.8

Super typhoon level, how strong is it?

"Xuanlannuo" was generated on the afternoon of August 28th, upgraded to super typhoon in the early morning of the 30th, and weakened from super typhoon level to strong typhoon level at 5 o’clock on the 2nd. According to the latest forecast, it moved into the East China Sea on the 3rd, and its intensity will be enhanced to super typhoon level again.

According to China’s typhoon classification method, the super typhoon level is the highest level. "Xuanlannuo" even belongs to the stronger level in the super typhoon level.

The classification of typhoon in China is based on the maximum wind speed near the typhoon center (specifically, the 2-minute average continuous maximum wind speed). When the maximum wind speed near the center exceeds 51m/s (equivalent to 16 or above), it is the highest level of super typhoon level.

At 14: 00 on September 1, the maximum wind speed near the center of Xuanlannuo reached 65 m/s, which exceeded the upper limit of the extended Beaufort scale of 17, which was a strong level in the super typhoon scale. As can be seen from the following figure, although there are about six typhoons reaching the super typhoon level every year in the northwest Pacific, there are only one or two typhoons reaching the current intensity of Xuanlannuo on average every year, which is also the strongest typhoon in the northwest Pacific so far this year.

Typhoon intensity classification table in China and typhoon classification in 1949-2019, Central Meteorological Observatory

This year’s typhoon

Are you really late?

The first typhoon that landed in China this year was Typhoon Siam, which landed in Maoming on July 2, and it was not obviously late. However, the number of typhoons generated and landed in China this year is obviously less, and the landing sites are concentrated in the western part of Guangdong and Hainan, which has no obvious impact on the eastern and northern coasts of Guangdong, and further aggravates the impression that "typhoons come late".

So far this year, there have been 11 typhoons in the northwest Pacific, compared with an average of 14.1 from 1951 to 2010. There are three typhoons (tropical storms or stronger) landing in China, compared with about 4-5 in the same period from 1949 to 2019. It can be seen that the total number and level of typhoons are less.

The reason is the same as the biggest driver of the high temperature heat wave in the early summer in southern China, which is a significantly strong subtropical high.

As a system prevailing in a large area of downward flow, subtropical high not only caused a large range of blazing sunny and hot temperatures on land, but also shrouded the blue waves in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Under its control, it is difficult to have large-scale updraft and convective cloud activities in tropical waters, so it is difficult to have significant and sustained latent heat release of water vapor condensation and the development of near-surface low pressure, which seriously hinders the development mechanism of typhoons.

The geopotential height (isoline, unit gpm) in the middle troposphere (500hPa) and the anomaly value (color filling, unit gpm) from August 1 to 20. The red line 5880 surrounds the subtropical high range, and the accompanying positive anomaly represents the strong subtropical high.

Why is the subtropical high so strong this year? There are many specific reasons, but the most important one is related to the abnormal development of La Nina in spring and summer this year. Most La Nina events in history developed in the northern hemisphere in summer and autumn in the first year, peaked in winter, and then gradually declined in the spring of the second year. However, after the development of La Nina last autumn, it did not decay this spring, but further strengthened slightly, and reached its peak in May-June.

Monthly sea surface temperature anomalies in the monitoring area reflecting El Ni? o/La Ni? a events. It can be seen that the negative anomaly is still increasing this spring, which represents the abnormal development of La Nina event. What about the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration?

In general, the SST in the tropical Pacific is warm in the west and cold in the east. When La Ni? a event intensifies, the SST in the equatorial Middle East Pacific becomes lower, which causes the upper atmosphere to cool, contract and sink to form the ground high pressure. This enhanced pressure gradient in the east-west direction leads to the obvious enhancement of the trade winds crossing the tropical Pacific to the west. Strong trade winds induce an abnormal anticyclone to form on its north side, which is superimposed with the subtropical high, which is also an anticyclone in the middle and lower troposphere, so that the subtropical high is significantly enhanced.

Same as above, but it is the anomaly of sea surface temperature (coloring) and wind field in the lower troposphere (850hPA). It can be seen that the equatorial Pacific trade wind is obviously stronger (along the black arrow) and the subtropical high is stronger (marked by the blue circle).

"Xuan Lan Nuo" wants great bend?

Where is the typhoon going?

Judging from the current forecast, "Xuanlannuo" presents a V-shaped position. The sharp change of typhoon track is related to the sharp change of subtropical high intensity and other tropical cyclones around it. To answer this question more specifically, we must first understand some basic attributes of typhoons.

Typhoon is essentially a deep cyclone that develops in tropical and subtropical sea areas. In the weather system, some weather systems wider than it will provide airflow to guide it to move, which is the main driving force of typhoon movement. The subtropical high, which has the largest overlap with the typhoon activity area, has become the most important system.

Year after year, the subtropical high moves obviously with the seasonal changes, following the sun to the north in spring and summer, and returning to the south in autumn and winter to avoid the cold wind. Therefore, typhoons generally follow this rule-the path is southward in winter and spring, which may affect the Philippines, Vietnam and other places; The north in summer and autumn affects China, Japan, South Korea and other places.

Because the position and intensity of subtropical high also change obviously in the short term, the specific typhoon path will be different. In addition, there are other factors that affect the typhoon path, one of which is the mutual rotation effect when two typhoons coexist and are close together. At this time, two typhoons will move around their center of mass, and the smaller typhoon will be more affected.

An example of mutual rotation effect between Typhoon Sang Mei and Typhoon Baoxia in 2000. What wikimommons

The sharp turn of the current "Xuanlannuo" path is the result of the rapid change of subtropical high intensity and the mutual rotation effect. Previously, the subtropical high was strong, just like a wall across the north side of Xuanlannuo, which also provided a strong steering flow to the west, allowing the typhoon to move rapidly to the southwest and west. At present, the subtropical high is significantly weakened by the influence of the westerly trough system on the north side, and just "disconnected" into two single systems on the north side of Xuanlannuo, in which the steering flow provided by the east unit is northward, while the west unit is southward. Two kinds of steering flow saws make the typhoon obviously slow down and stay, just like being stuck in a quagmire.

500hPa weather map at 8: 00 Beijing time on September 1st. It can be seen that with the influence of the westerly trough (black circle) on the north side, the subtropical high is about to break into the west side monomer (red circle) and the east side monomer (blue circle), which makes Xuanlannuo (green circle) suddenly confused.

While wandering, a new tropical depression formed beside the southeast side of Xuanlannuo. Due to the great strength gap between the two sides, this tropical depression has been swallowed up by Xuanlannuo, but its residual cloud system still has obvious mutual rotation effect with Xuanlannuo, which provides Xuanlannuo with a steering flow that goes east first and then north. With the further weakening of the west subtropical high monomer in the next day or two, "Xuanlannuo" will eventually move to the north under the joint action of the east subtropical high monomer and the mutual rotation effect, and enter the East China Sea. Because the specific intensity of subtropical high and the degree of mutual rotation effect caused by tropical low residual circulation still have variability, it is still possible to adjust the path of Xuanlannuo in the future.

How will the typhoon affect our country?

To sum up, although there are still a few variables, there is a high probability that "Xuanlannuo" will not land in China, but will go north in the eastern coastal areas of China and eventually tend to the southern coastal areas of South Korea. And in the process of going northward, China’s coastal area is located in the relative "safety semicircle" on its west side, and the wind and rain intensity will be relatively small, and the overall impact on land will not be serious.

The superposition relationship between typhoon’s dangerous semicircle/safe semicircle and its own wind speed and moving speed. The author’s soul hand-painted

Even so, due to the significant expansion of the circulation scale of Xuanlannuo after the annexation of tropical depression, and the relatively slow weakening in the northward process, the strong typhoon will still be maintained to the super typhoon level, so the coastal areas such as eastern Taiwan Province, northeastern Fujian, Zhejiang coastal areas and Shanghai still need to pay attention to prevent the impact of wind and rain, among which Zhoushan Islands will be the most significantly affected; The offshore waters will be directly affected by typhoons and there will be violent storms. Offshore operators must return to Hong Kong to take shelter from the wind according to the early warning information.

I hope all the people affected by "Xuanlannuo" will be safe!

Author: Fengyun Mengyuan

Editor: Owl, Luna

Title source: Sunflower No.8 instant webpage

Read the original text

Suspected wildlife products seized by Shijiazhuang Customs Photo by Yang Zhengxuan

　　BEIJING, Shijiazhuang, March 20 (Li Xi Kuangye) Shijiazhuang Customs revealed on the 20th that it recently seized about 4 kilograms of wild animal products such as rhinoceros horn, tiger bone, antelope horn, dried seahorse and bear gall suspected of being smuggled into the country. It is reported that this is the first smuggling crime case of endangered animal products cracked by Shijiazhuang Customs in this year’s special campaign against smuggling of wild animals and their products.

　　On March 17th, Shijiazhuang Customs cracked a case of smuggling wild animal products into China, arrested one suspect and seized about 4 kilograms of wild animal products suspected of smuggling into China.

　　According to the Anti-smuggling Bureau of Shijiazhuang Customs, since the outbreak of pneumonia in novel coronavirus, Shijiazhuang Customs has organized a special campaign to crack down on the smuggling of wild animals and their products in the whole customs area. In the next step, the customs will continue to maintain the high-pressure situation of smuggling, carry out special rectification with relevant departments, highlight key points and strike hard, cut off the smuggling chain of wild animals and their products, and earnestly safeguard the national ecological security and people’s lives, health and safety.

(Approved by the State Council on May 12, 1992, promulgated by Order No.8 of the Ministry of Public Security on June 16, 1992, revised according to the Decision of the State Council on Abolishing and Amending Some Administrative Regulations on January 8, 2011)

Chapter I General Provisions

　　Article 1 These Regulations are formulated in accordance with the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations).

　　Article 2 People’s governments at all levels shall, in accordance with the law, safeguard citizens’ rights to assembly, procession and demonstration, maintain social stability and public order, and ensure that assemblies, processions and demonstrations held according to law are not disturbed, impacted or destroyed by anyone by violence, coercion or other illegal means.

　　Article 3 The term "open-air public places" as mentioned in Article 2 of the Law on Assemblies, Demonstrations and Demonstrations refers to outdoor public places that the public can freely enter or leave with tickets, excluding the internal open-air places managed by organs, groups, enterprises and institutions; Public roads refer to roads and waterways except special roads within organs, organizations, enterprises and institutions.

　　Article 4 Recreational and sports activities, normal religious activities and traditional folk customs activities shall be managed by people’s governments at all levels or relevant competent departments in accordance with relevant laws, regulations and other relevant provisions of the state.

　　Article 5 The weapons mentioned in Article 5 of the Law on Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations refer to all kinds of guns, ammunition and other devices that can be used to harm people. Controlled knives refer to daggers, triangular knives, spring knives and other knives controlled according to law; Explosives refer to all explosives with explosive power and destructive performance, which can cause casualties and damage to articles in an instant.

　　The weapons, controlled knives and explosives listed in the preceding paragraph shall not be carried in assemblies, processions and demonstrations, nor shall they be transported to the places where assemblies, processions and demonstrations are held.

　　Article 6 In accordance with the second paragraph of Article 7 of the Law on Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations, traffic order and social order shall be maintained when holding activities that do not require application.

　　Article 7 Assemblies, processions and demonstrations shall be in charge of the municipal and county public security bureaus and city public security sub-bureaus where they are held.

　　Where the route of procession and demonstration passes through two or more districts and counties in the same municipality directly under the central government, a city under the jurisdiction of a province or an autonomous region, or the area where the dispatched offices of the people’s governments of provinces and autonomous regions are located, the municipal public security bureau or the public security department of the dispatched offices of the people’s governments of provinces and autonomous regions shall be in charge; In the administrative area of the same province or autonomous region, if it passes through the area where two or more cities under the jurisdiction of the province or autonomous region or the agencies of the people’s governments of the provinces or autonomous regions are located, it shall be in charge of the public security department of the province or autonomous region where it is located; If it passes through more than two provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, it shall be in charge of the Ministry of Public Security or the public security organs of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government authorized by the Ministry of Public Security.

Chapter II Applications and Permits for Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations

　　Article 8 An assembly, a procession or a demonstration must be held with a responsible person.

　　The following persons shall not be responsible for an assembly, a procession or a demonstration:

　　(a) a person with no capacity or with limited capacity;

　　(two) the sentence has not been completed;

　　(3) being reeducated through labor;

　　(4) being subjected to criminal compulsory measures or other measures restricting personal freedom as prescribed by law.

　　Article 9 To hold an assembly, a procession or a demonstration, the person in charge must personally submit a written application to the competent public security organ as stipulated in Article 7 of these regulations; If the written application is not submitted by the person in charge in person, the competent public security organ will not accept it.

　　When submitting a written application, the person in charge of an assembly, a procession or a demonstration shall show his resident identity card or other valid documents, and truthfully fill in the application registration form.

　　Article 10 After receiving an application for an assembly, a procession or a demonstration, the competent public security organ shall promptly examine it and make a written decision on whether to approve or disapprove it within the statutory time limit; The written decision shall specify the contents of the license or the reasons for disapproval.

　　The written decision shall be delivered to the person in charge 2 days before the date of application for holding an assembly, a procession or a demonstration, and the person in charge shall sign the notice of delivery. If the person in charge refuses to sign for it, the addressee shall invite the representative of the local grass-roots organization or other people to be present as witnesses to explain the situation, specify the reasons and date of the refusal on the notice of service, and leave the written decision at the residence of the person in charge, which shall be deemed as having been served.

　　If the specific time and place of service are agreed in advance, and the person in charge of the assembly, procession and demonstration is not waiting at the agreed time and place and cannot be served, the application shall be deemed to have been revoked by himself; If the competent public security organ fails to deliver it at the agreed time and place, it shall be deemed as permission.

　　Article 11 Where an application is made for holding an assembly, a procession or a demonstration to solve specific problems, the competent public security organ shall, within 2 days from the date of receiving the application, send the Notice on Solving Specific Problems through Consultation to the person in charge of the assembly, the procession or the demonstration and the relevant organ or unit respectively, and if necessary, send it to the superior competent department of the relevant organ or unit at the same time. The relevant organs or units and the person in charge of applying for an assembly, a procession or a demonstration shall hold consultations within 2 days from the day after receiving the Notice on Solving Specific Problems through Consultation from the public security organ. If an agreement is reached, the agreement shall be sent to the competent public security organ in time by the relevant organ or unit after being signed by the responsible persons of both parties; If no agreement is reached or no consultation is held within 2 days from the day after receiving the Notice on Solving Specific Problems through Consultation, and the applicant insists on holding an assembly, a procession or a demonstration, the relevant organ or unit shall promptly notify the competent public security organ, and the competent public security organ shall promptly make a decision on approval or disapproval in accordance with the procedures specified in Article 10 of these regulations.

　　If the competent public security organ informs one or both parties to solve a specific problem through consultation that they are in other places, the notice of solving a specific problem through consultation, the agreement reached by both parties through consultation or the notice that no agreement has been reached, the starting date of delivery and the time on the way will not be counted in the legal period.

　　Article 12 According to Article 15 of the Law on Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations, citizens are not allowed to launch, organize or participate in assemblies, processions and demonstrations of local citizens in cities other than their places of residence. The term "residence" as mentioned in this article refers to the place where a citizen’s permanent residence is located or where he has gone through temporary registration with the temporary residence registration authority and has lived continuously for more than half a year.

　　Article 13 After receiving an application for holding an assembly, a procession or a demonstration, the competent public security organ may change the time, place and route of holding an assembly, a procession or a demonstration in any of the following circumstances, and notify its responsible person in time:

　　(a) held in the rush hour, which may cause serious traffic jams for a long time;

　　(two) the venue or the route is under construction, which is impassable;

　　(3) The venue is a ferry, a railway crossing or an adjacent country (border);

　　(four) the motor vehicles used do not meet the requirements of road maintenance;

　　(five) there are major state activities at the same time and place as the application for holding an assembly, a procession or a demonstration;

　　(six) at the same time, place and route as the application for holding an assembly, a procession or a demonstration, others have been allowed to hold an assembly, a procession or a demonstration.

　　When deciding the license, the competent public security organ considers it necessary to change the time, place and route of an assembly, a procession or a demonstration, and it shall state it in the license decision.

　　If, after the approval is decided, natural disasters or public security accidents occur in the place where the application for holding an assembly, a procession or a demonstration is made, and emergency rescue and disaster relief are still being carried out, and normal order cannot be restored before the holding date, the competent public security organ may change the time, place and route of holding the assembly, procession and demonstration, but the Decision on Change of Events of Assembly, Parade and Demonstration shall be delivered to the person in charge of the assembly, procession and demonstration before the application date.

　　Article 14 If the person in charge of an assembly, a procession or a demonstration refuses to accept the decision of the competent public security organ not to grant permission, he may apply to the people’s government at the same level for reconsideration within 3 days from the date of receiving the decision of not granting permission. The people’s government shall, within 3 days from the date of receiving the application for reconsideration, make a reconsideration decision to maintain or revoke the original decision of the competent public security organ, and serve the "Decision on Reconsideration of Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations" to the person in charge of the assembly, procession and demonstration, and send a copy to the competent public security organ that made the original decision. The reconsideration decision made by the people’s government must be implemented by the competent public security organ and the person in charge of the assembly, procession and demonstration.

　　Article 15 If the person in charge of an assembly, a procession or a demonstration withdraws his application after submitting it and before receiving the notice from the competent public security organ, he shall go through the withdrawal formalities at the competent public security organ that accepted the application in time.

　　If the person in charge of an assembly, a procession or a demonstration decides not to hold an assembly, a procession or a demonstration after receiving the notice of permission from the competent public security organ or the reconsideration decision approved by the people’s government, he shall return the permission decision or reconsideration decision to the competent public security organ or the people’s government that originally accepted the meeting, procession or demonstration before the scheduled time.

　　Article 16 When organizing or participating in an assembly, a procession or a demonstration in the name of a state organ, a social organization, an enterprise or institution, the person-in-charge of the organization must, at the same time, submit a certificate signed and stamped by the person-in-charge of the state organ, a social organization, an enterprise or institution.

Chapter III Holding of Assemblies, Parades and Demonstrations

　　Seventeenth of the assembly held according to law, the public security organ shall, according to the actual needs, send people’s police to maintain order and ensure the smooth holding of the assembly.

　　For processions and demonstrations held in accordance with the law, the people’s police responsible for maintaining order should divert traffic on the routes or places where the processions and demonstrations are held with the permission of the competent public security organs, so as to prevent others from disturbing or disrupting the order of processions and demonstrations. When necessary, they can also temporarily implement the relevant provisions of traffic rules flexibly to ensure the smooth progress of processions and demonstrations.

　　Article 18 The people’s police responsible for maintaining traffic order and social order shall be under the unified command of the person in charge at the scene appointed by the competent public security organ. The person in charge of the people’s police at the scene shall keep in touch with the person in charge of the assembly, procession and demonstration.

　　Article 19 When a procession encounters temporary natural disasters, traffic accidents and other public security disasters on the road ahead, or serious conflicts and chaos occur between processions, processions and onlookers, and other unexpected circumstances suddenly occur, so that the procession cannot follow the permitted route, the person in charge of the people’s police at the scene has the right to temporarily decide to change the route of the procession.

　　Article 20 The cordon temporarily set up by the competent public security organ shall be clearly marked, and obstacles may be set up when necessary.

　　Twenty-first "assembly, procession and demonstration law" listed in Article 23 of the place where no assembly, procession or demonstration is allowed, refers to the distance extending outward from the periphery of the building in the above place; If there is a fence or fence, it shall be counted from the periphery of the fence or fence. The specific peripheral distance of places where assemblies, processions and demonstrations are not allowed shall be stipulated and promulgated by the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.

　　The specific surrounding distance of places where people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government stipulate that assemblies, processions and demonstrations are not allowed shall be conducive to protecting the safety and order of the above places and facilitating the holding of legal assemblies, processions and demonstrations.

　　Twenty-second the person in charge of an assembly, a procession and a demonstration must be responsible for maintaining the order of the assembly, a procession and a demonstration, and should be discouraged if other people join the assembly, a procession and a demonstration; Those who do not listen to dissuasion shall immediately report to the people’s police who maintain order at the scene. The people’s police shall stop it after receiving the report.

　　Signs worn by persons in charge of assemblies, processions and demonstrations designated to assist the people’s police in maintaining order shall be reported to the competent public security organ for the record before the holding.

　　Article 23 In accordance with the provisions of Article 27 of the Law on Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations, the people’s police have the right to immediately stop the illegal holding of assemblies, processions and demonstrations or the occurrence of situations that endanger public security or seriously disrupt social order during the assembly, procession and demonstration. For those who refuse to stop and need to order dissolution, they shall inform the personnel present to leave the scene in a specified way within a limited time by broadcasting, shouting and other clear ways. For those who refuse to leave within a limited time, the person in charge of the people’s police at the scene has the right to order the use of police equipment or use other police means to forcibly disperse them in accordance with relevant state regulations; Those who continue to stay at the scene may be forcibly taken away from the scene or immediately detained.

Chapter IV Legal Liability

　　Article 24 Whoever refuses or hinders the people’s police from performing their duties of maintaining traffic order and social order according to law and should be punished for public security administration shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the Law on Public Security Administration Punishment; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

　　Violation of the provisions of Article 5 of these regulations, which does not constitute a crime, shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the Public Security Administration Punishment Law.

　　Article 25 In accordance with the provisions of Articles 29 and 30 of the Law on Assembly, Parade and Demonstration, if criminal responsibility needs to be investigated according to law, the competent public security organ in the place where the meeting is held shall handle it in accordance with the procedures stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Law.

　　Twenty-sixth in accordance with the provisions of Article 33 of the Law on Assembly, Parade and Demonstration, the public security organ shall conduct an interrogation within 24 hours; If forced repatriation is needed, the competent public security organ in the place where the act is committed shall make a Decision on Forced Repatriation and send the people’s police to execute it. The people’s police in charge of execution shall send the deported person back to his place of residence, together with the Decision on Forced Repatriation, to the public security organ of the deported person’s place of residence, which shall handle it according to law.

　　Article 27 In accordance with Articles 28 and 30 of the Law on Assemblies, Demonstrations and Demonstrations and Article 24 of these Regulations, if a party is given administrative penalties for public security, it shall be decided and executed by the public security organ in the place where the act is committed in accordance with the procedures stipulated in the Law on Administrative Penalties for Public Security. If the punished person refuses to accept the punishment decision, he may apply for reconsideration; Anyone who refuses to accept the reconsideration decision of the public security organ at the next higher level may bring a lawsuit to the people’s court in accordance with the law.

　　Article 28 A public security organ shall interrogate a person who is forcibly taken away from the scene or immediately detained in accordance with the provisions of Article 27 of the Law on Assembly, Parade and Demonstration. Those who do not need to be investigated for legal responsibility may be released after making a statement of repentance; Need to be investigated for legal responsibility, in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations.

　　Twenty-ninth in the process of holding an assembly, a procession or a demonstration, anyone who destroys public or private property or infringes on the body of others and causes casualties shall be liable for compensation according to law.

Chapter V Supplementary Provisions

　　Article 30 The provisions of these Regulations shall apply to assemblies, processions and demonstrations held by foreigners in China.

　　If a foreigner requests to participate in an assembly, procession or demonstration held by a citizen of China in China, the person in charge of the assembly, procession or demonstration shall specify it in the application; Without the approval of the competent public security organ, it is not allowed to participate.

　　Article 31 The implementation measures formulated by the standing committees of the people’s congresses of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government in accordance with the Law on Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations shall apply to their respective administrative areas; In case of conflict with these regulations, these regulations shall prevail.

　　Article 32 The Ministry of Public Security shall be responsible for the interpretation of problems in the specific application of these Regulations.

　　Article 33 These Regulations shall come into force as of the date of promulgation.

　　According to the National Development and Reform Commission, a few days ago, the National Development and Reform Commission issued a guiding opinion on strengthening the protection and governance of important lakes in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, proposing that by 2035, the effectiveness of protection and governance of important lakes in the Yangtze River Economic Belt should meet the people’s needs for a beautiful lake ecological environment, and basically reach a level of lake protection and governance that is compatible with the goal of beautiful China, effectively ensuring the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The full text is as follows:

Guiding Opinions of the National Development and Reform Commission on Strengthening the Protection and Governance of Important Lakes in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

Development and Reform Area [2021] No.1617

　　Development and Reform Commission of Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan:

　　Lakes are important carriers of water resources. There are many lake systems in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and there are five freshwater lakes in China. As the key elements of river ecosystem, Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, Erhai Lake and Dianchi Lake are rich in water, which plays an irreplaceable role in ensuring the safety of ecology, water resources and flood control in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and promoting the economic and social development of the basin.

　　Since the implementation of the strategy of promoting the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the provinces and cities along the Yangtze River have vigorously promoted the protection and management of the main stream and important tributaries of the Yangtze River, while strengthening the protection and restoration of lakes, and achieved remarkable results. However, due to the special laws of lakes, such as vast water area, slow water exchange and easy diffusion of pollutants, it is more difficult to protect and repair them than the main branches and tributaries of the Yangtze River. In addition, industry and agriculture, population and towns along the lake are densely populated, economic development has long competed with lakes for water and land, and urban construction, especially real estate development, has encroached on lake ecological space. Important lakes in the Yangtze River Economic Belt generally face outstanding problems such as damaged ecological functions, insufficient water conservation capacity, deterioration of water environment, shrinking biodiversity and declining flood storage capacity. In order to thoroughly implement the supreme leader’s ecological civilization thought, further strengthen the protection and management of important lakes in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and continuously improve the ecological environment quality of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, with the consent of the leading group for promoting the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, we hereby put forward the following opinions.

　　I. General requirements

　　(1) Guiding ideology. Guided by the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the New Era, we will fully implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Plenary Sessions of the 19th National Congress, thoroughly implement the Supreme Leader’s ecological civilization thought, completely, accurately and comprehensively implement the new development concept based on the new development stage, integrate and serve the new development pattern, closely follow the development objectives and tasks of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and pay close attention to the major issues of important lakes. Focusing on Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, Erhai Lake, Dianchi Lake and other important lakes, taking the protection of lake ecological environment as a breakthrough, the rivers and lakes should be treated together, the waterfront should be treated together, and the watershed should be treated together, so as to promote the transformation of important lakes from excessive intervention and overuse to natural restoration and recuperation, build a complete, stable and healthy lake ecosystem, and help the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

　　(2) Basic principles

　　Ecological priority and green development. Firmly establish the concept of Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, give full play to the self-repairing ability of nature, and effectively protect important lake ecosystems. According to the carrying capacity of the lake ecosystem, we will further adjust and optimize the layout of the industrial structure in the lake area, and carry out water production and quantity to promote regional green and sustainable development.

　　Make overall plans to promote and integrate governance. Follow the laws of natural ecosystem succession and evolution of rivers and lakes, respect and conform to nature, grasp that rivers and lakes are an organic whole, and consider the elements of river and lake ecosystems as a whole according to the integrity, systematicness and internal logic of the ecosystem of mountains, rivers and lakes, and promote comprehensive management, systematic management and source management.

　　According to local conditions, classified policy. Fully sum up the practical experience of protection and management of important lakes in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, deeply analyze the characteristics of different types of lakes, scientifically distinguish the commonness and individuality of lakes, grasp the main aspects of major contradictions and contradictions in lake protection and management, focus on key areas, fields and key elements, highlight key points, fill shortcomings, strong and weak items, and scientifically manage and accurately protect them.

　　Deepen reform and improve the mechanism. Benchmarking the new requirements of major national strategies such as the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta on lake protection and governance, improving the system and mechanism of lake protection and governance, improving the policy of lake protection and governance, promoting scientific and technological innovation, further improving the ability and level of lake governance, establishing and improving the long-term mechanism of lake protection and governance, and improving the system of lake protection and governance.

　　(3) Overall objectives. By 2025, there will be no large-scale cyanobacteria bloom in Taihu Lake and Chaohu Lake, which will lead to the black odor of water bodies and ensure the safety of water supply sources. The ecological environment quality of Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake, Erhai Lake and Dianchi Lake has been consolidated and improved, the outstanding ecological problems have been effectively treated, and the water quality has been stable and good. The storage capacity of lakes such as Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake has been continuously improved, and a healthy, stable and complete lake and its surrounding ecosystem have been built in an all-round way. By 2035, the effectiveness of the protection and management of important lakes in the Yangtze River Economic Belt will meet the people’s needs for a beautiful lake ecological environment, and the level of lake protection and management will basically reach the goal of beautiful China, effectively ensuring the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

　　Second, focus on optimizing the spatial layout

　　(4) Accelerate the construction of a management and control system. Focusing on the objectives and tasks of the protection and management of important lakes in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, based on the carrying capacity of resources and environment, taking into account the integrity of lake ecosystem, the continuity of physical and geographical units and the sustainability of economic and social development, we will speed up the preparation of land spatial planning for the Yangtze River Basin and establish and improve a unified spatial planning system for the basin. We will evaluate the carrying capacity of resources and environment and the suitability of land space development, identify important ecosystems in the lake area, effectively link up the red line of ecological protection, and rationally arrange all kinds of spaces and elements. Optimize the layout of land space development and protection, and plan the utilization of lake water resources, water pollution prevention, water ecological restoration, aquatic biological protection and other spaces according to local conditions. Strengthen the monitoring, evaluation and early warning of key lake basin protection and governance planning, and strictly implement the control of land and space use.

　　(five) to promote the registration of natural resources. Explore and promote the unified registration of natural resources in Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, Erhai Lake, Dianchi Lake and other important lakes, and build a unified registration system of natural resources with the rule of law, standardization, standardization and informationization. Clarify the boundaries of different natural resource types and clearly define the ownership subject of natural resource assets in ecological space such as important lake basins. Actively explore the ways and means of water right registration, improve the property right system of water resources and promote the optimal allocation of water resources.

　　Third, actively promote ecological protection

　　(six) to strengthen the protection of water coastline. Define the scope of lake management in accordance with the law and the plan, scientifically delimit the lake shoreline protection area, reserved area, controlled utilization area and development and utilization area, clarify the requirements for zoning control and use control, strictly control the project construction and activities that may affect flood control safety, water supply safety and ecological safety, fulfill the permits for river-related construction projects and activities in accordance with the law, and effectively implement the ecological environment impact assessment system. It is forbidden to reclaim land around the lake, and return the land to the lake in an orderly manner. Strengthen the management of sand mining in the lake area and severely crack down on illegal sand mining. We will continue to standardize and promote the "clean-up and chaos" of lakes (indiscriminate occupation, indiscriminate mining, disorderly piling and disorderly construction), carry out plastic waste cleaning in a normal way, and continuously consolidate the effectiveness of cleaning up and rectifying.

　　(seven) the implementation of wetland protection and restoration. Adhere to the combination of protection priority, natural restoration and artificial restoration, lay out and implement major ecological protection and restoration projects in key ecological areas of the Yangtze River, and promote the protection and restoration of important wetlands as a whole. Strengthen the construction of wetland protection and management infrastructure, actively promote the restoration of wetland natural habitats and important wildlife habitats, and promote the steady improvement of important wetland ecosystem functions. We will improve the satellite remote sensing monitoring system, strengthen the supervision and inspection of wetlands, resolutely stop reclamation and occupation of wetlands under various pretexts according to law, and speed up the retreat of wetlands that can be restored.

　　(8) Improve the level of biodiversity. Focusing on Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, we will carry out investigation and monitoring of lake biodiversity and evaluation of biological integrity index, implement rescue operations for rare and endangered species such as Chinese sturgeon and Yangtze finless porpoise, promote the combination of ex situ conservation and artificial breeding protection, and strengthen the protection of key habitats and the preservation of genetic resources. We will improve the system of lake recuperation, strictly implement the system of banning fishing in lakes, resolutely crack down on illegal fishing and effectively restore aquatic biodiversity. Strictly manage the introduction of alien species according to law and strengthen the management of invasive species with major hazards. Strengthen the protection of migratory birds and improve the habitat environment of migratory birds in lakes.

　　Fourth, in-depth implementation of pollution control

　　(9) Strengthen the rectification of outstanding problems in the ecological environment. We will continue to do a good job in the rectification of the ecological environment warning film in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the problems involving important lakes disclosed by the central ecological environmental protection inspector, establish problem accounts in different categories, clarify the rectification plan, pay close attention to negative examples, and strengthen law enforcement supervision. Explore the establishment of a joint prevention and control mechanism for river basin pollution, organize the investigation of deep-seated problems, and establish a long-term mechanism for rectification of lake ecological and environmental problems, and find them together, rectify them together, and sell them together.

　　(10) Intensify the comprehensive prevention and control of pollution. Further promote the implementation of the "4+1" project of urban sewage and garbage treatment, chemical pollution control, agricultural non-point source pollution control, ship pollution control and tailings pollution control in the lake area, and continuously consolidate the achievements of lake environmental pollution control. Ensure the operation of urban and rural domestic sewage treatment facilities in the lake area, standardize the construction of sewage outlets into the lake, and strengthen the investigation and rectification of sewage treatment facilities in industrial parks. Strictly control agricultural non-point source pollution, support the use of organic fertilizers and green pesticides, and improve the comprehensive utilization rate of livestock manure in the lake area.

　　Five, to ensure the safety of drinking water sources

　　(eleven) to strengthen the environmental protection of water sources. In order to ensure the water quality of the water source of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project as the top priority, we will implement special water source enforcement actions and seriously investigate and deal with illegal acts in drinking water source protection areas. Focusing on Dongting Lake and Taihu Lake, we will investigate and ban sewage outlets and docks that have a great impact on water sources. Regularly investigate and evaluate the environmental conditions of centralized groundwater drinking water source replenishment areas, and carry out pilot projects for the remediation of groundwater contaminated sites. For drinking water sources that do not meet the requirements of Class III water quality, it is necessary to formulate and implement water supply guarantee and water quality compliance schemes.

　　(twelve) to improve the safety and security capabilities of water sources. Reasonable layout of drinking water sources and water intakes in the lake area, formulation and publication of drinking water source lists, delineation of drinking water source protection areas, strengthening the construction of emergency standby water sources in important cities in the lake area, and improving the safety and security level of urban and rural drinking water sources. Carry out standardized construction of urban drinking water sources and safety assessment of drinking water sources, and promote the relocation and transformation of heavily polluting enterprises that affect drinking water safety. Strengthen the monitoring of drinking water sources in Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake and other lakes during the high-incidence period of cyanobacteria, and formulate and improve the emergency plan for sudden water pollution incidents with "one lake and one policy".

　　Sixth, accelerate the promotion of green development

　　(thirteen) to strengthen the conservation and intensive use of water resources. In-depth implementation of national water-saving actions to promote the transformation of production, living and ecological water use in the lake area to economical and intensive use. Solidly promote water saving and efficiency improvement in industry, agriculture and cities and towns, strictly control the construction of high-water consumption projects, and strengthen the water use plan and quota management of key monitoring water users in the lake area. Strengthen the demonstration of water resources, improve the monitoring and early warning mechanism of water resources carrying capacity, strengthen the monitoring and measurement of water intake, and strictly control the total regional water consumption.

　　(14) Adjust and improve the industrial structure. Strictly implement the negative list system for the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, accelerate industrial clean production, recycling transformation and comprehensive utilization of resources, and scientifically build the industrial development pattern in the lake area. Strengthen the rectification of "scattered pollution" enterprises, promote the upgrading and transformation of traditional industries such as papermaking, printing and dyeing in Taihu Lake and Chaohu Lake, orderly promote the transfer of related industries to areas with strong resource carrying capacity, and properly do a good job in the follow-up basic livelihood security such as withdrawing from industries and banning fishing in lakes. Explore ways to realize the value of ecological products in Taihu Lake, Erhai Lake and Dongting Lake, and promote the transformation of ecological value.

　　(15) Vigorously promote economic transformation. Actively develop strategic emerging industries and cultivate industries such as biotechnology, new energy, new materials and environmental protection according to local conditions. Actively develop modern service industries in qualified lake areas such as Taihu Lake and fully absorb employed people. We will guide the development of various forms of moderate scale operations and vigorously develop efficient ecological agriculture in Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake. We will promote the development of lake tourism in Dianchi Lake and Erhai Lake, create a global tourism demonstration zone, strengthen and improve industries with distinctive advantages such as eco-agriculture, eco-tourism, vacation and recreation, and help promote the industrial transformation and development of the lake area.

　　Seven, improve the system and mechanism.

　　(sixteen) to strengthen the system of rivers and lakes. In accordance with the principle of unified planning, overall planning of river basins and respective responsibilities, relying on the platform of river length system and lake length system, we will improve the lake management system combining river basin management with administrative area management, improve the organization system of lake length system, and compact the territorial responsibility of lake protection and governance. Explore the establishment of a coordinated linkage mechanism between provincial lakes and lakes, and coordinate and solve major issues of lake protection and governance across regions and basins. Study and establish a joint prevention and control mechanism for trans-regional lakes, and strengthen regional cooperation and departmental linkage. Strict supervision and assessment of lake protection and governance, and improve the inspection and supervision system.

　　(seventeen) explore the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism. Encourage the establishment of ecological protection compensation mechanism in the location of important lakes, promote the location of important lakes and rivers entering and leaving lakes to actively explore new ways of compensation for ecological protection in river basins, determine the improvement target of lake water ecological environment through consultation, and accelerate the formation of a pattern of joint protection and governance of lake ecological environment. We will further improve the compensation mechanism for ecological protection and increase the protection of important ecosystems such as forests, grasslands and wetlands. Give full play to the guiding role of central funds and local governments, and improve the channels of compensation funds.

　　(eighteen) to improve the level of supervision and law enforcement. Make full use of modern monitoring methods such as unmanned aerial vehicles, vigorously promote the modernization, automation and informatization of lake monitoring, and continuously improve the monitoring ability and monitoring efficiency. Establish and improve the comprehensive evaluation system of lakes, and regularly and objectively evaluate the health and ecological security of lakes. Accelerate the improvement of laws and regulations on lake protection and governance, vigorously promote joint law enforcement, and strive to improve the comprehensive supervision system. Establish and improve the connection between lake protection administrative law enforcement and criminal justice, and intensify the crackdown on water encroachment, illegal drainage, illegal sand mining and illegal fishing.

　　Viii. Strengthening safeguard measures

　　(nineteen) to strengthen organizational leadership. Adhere to the working principles of overall planning by the central government, overall responsibility by the province and implementation by cities and counties. The Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the Ministry of Water Resources, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and other departments have studied and formulated major plans and policy recommendations for lake protection and governance, and coordinated and solved major problems across regions and basins, with strong support from relevant departments. At the provincial level, it is necessary to fulfill the main responsibility, strengthen planning, systematically promote implementation, and issue policy documents to complete the protection and management of important lakes in this province within 2021. At the city and county levels, we will put them in place one by one according to the deployment, further strengthen the practice of making rivers and lakes long at the grass-roots level, and ensure new achievements in lake protection and governance.

　　(twenty) to deepen the study of the problem. Combined with the natural characteristics and functional attributes of different types of lakes, the background situation of lake protection and management was found out. In view of the common and individual problems, we will carry out in-depth research on major issues such as the evolution of river-lake relations, the causes of environmental pollution, the mechanism of cyanobacteria bloom, the protection measures for plateau lakes, and the protection measures for aquatic organisms. Steadily promote the implementation of major projects such as river-lake connectivity, water conservancy and hydropower, and ecological environment protection projects, promote the harmony between rivers and lakes, and continuously expand the ecological environment capacity.

　　(twenty-one) to strengthen financial support. According to the division of financial affairs and expenditure responsibilities, governments at all levels reasonably arrange financial funds for lake protection and governance, and include qualified lake ecological environment protection and restoration projects into the scope of local government special bonds. Actively promote the establishment of a diversified investment and financing mechanism with government guidance, market operation and social participation, and guide state-owned enterprises, various financial institutions and social capital to participate in lake protection and governance according to laws and regulations. Regularly evaluate the effectiveness of lake protection and governance, carry out commendation and awards according to regulations, and further highlight the role of driving demonstration.

　　(twenty-two) to increase publicity. Intensify the propaganda of ecological environment protection of important lakes in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, make full use of new media and media to publicize and promote good experiences and practices in lake protection and governance, and learn from each other. Strengthen public participation, vigorously publicize the concept of ecological priority and green development, guide the public to participate in voluntary actions for the protection of important lakes in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, raise public awareness of responsibility and participation in the protection of rivers and lakes, and promote the formation of a good atmosphere for jointly protecting the mother river of the Yangtze River.