After publicity in advance, the construction site on the eve of the college entrance examination was quietly photographed/our reporter Huang Liang

　　On the first day of the college entrance examination on July 7th, before 7: 00 in the morning, Leon Xiao, vice captain of the comprehensive administrative law enforcement team in Liyuan Town, Tongzhou District, came to the west campus of Yunhe Middle School in Tongzhou District, which is one of the test sites of the college entrance examination in Tongzhou District. Leon Xiao and the law enforcement team made repeated and careful inspections during the examination to ensure the order around the test site. On the eve of the college entrance examination, in order to let the candidates have a good sleep, he and his team members kept patrolling at night until after one o’clock in the morning before taking a break in shifts.

　　The Beijing Youth Daily reporter learned that there are 12 field members in the comprehensive administrative law enforcement team of Liyuan Town, Tongzhou District, including the captain and vice captain. During the college entrance examination, they were divided into three groups to be on duty continuously. Leon Xiao said: "Every year, the college entrance examination is the time when we are most deprived of sleep. All-weather protection is really hard, but the students are also very hard. It is worthwhile for us to create good examination conditions for them."

　　At 21: 00 on July 6

　　The construction site that had been reported before was quiet.

　　"There are now seven construction sites in our jurisdiction, which have been publicized and informed many times before, and a letter to the capital construction business unit was posted in a prominent position on the construction site." Leon Xiao has participated in the safeguard action of the college entrance examination for many times. For the night during the college entrance examination, it is perfect not to report, especially to report disturbing the people at night. However, it is not by luck, but by the repeated reminders and publicity of the law enforcement team members, so as to nip in the bud and make the best preparations.

　　There are more than 2,300 candidates in Tongzhou district. Since July 1 this year, Tongzhou Urban Management Law Enforcement Bureau has started the service guarantee for the "Meditation 2020" entrance examination, and intensified the inspection and monitoring of the environmental order around the test center. Among them, it is necessary to minimize and promptly stop illegal activities such as night construction that affect the study and life of candidates.

　　"Behind every candidate is a family full of expectations. This year’s candidates are particularly difficult, so we must protect them." At 21: 00 on July 6th, two quiet bulldozers stopped at a park construction site. The site was dark and very quiet. However, rows of residential buildings with lights on could be seen less than a few hundred meters away from the site. Leon Xiao pointed to a building and told the reporter of Beiqing Daily that there were two college entrance examination students living in this building. Previously, this site made a loud noise when unloading materials, which was reported by the residents upstairs. Leon Xiao and his colleagues learned that there were still fresh college entrance examination students living upstairs, and in a few days, they went to the construction site several times to find the person in charge and repeatedly informed the publicity.

　　Generally speaking, if night construction is needed, a night construction permit is required, and the period is from 22: 00 every day to 6: 00 the next day. During the college entrance examination, except for special projects such as emergency repair, all projects can not be constructed at night. Because of the publicity and notification, at 21: 00 on July 6, several construction sites inspected by Leon Xiao and law enforcement team members were silent. Leon Xiao said: "The previous notification work has had an effect, which is quite good."

　　At 22: 30 on July 6,

　　Lu Yu temporary construction timely supervision and stop.

　　"If there is a report, we will go straight to the reporting point. When there is no report, we will patrol the street." Ye Jing, a member of the Comprehensive Administrative Law Enforcement Team of Liyuan Town, Tongzhou District, is responsible for the report wiring on the evening of July 6. "If there is a relevant report within the jurisdiction, the law enforcement team will be informed as soon as possible, and the report of disturbing the people at night during the college entrance examination will also be given priority."

　　However, what makes Ye Jing feel gratified is that from the evening of July 6 to the morning of July 7, there was no report about night-time disturbing the people in Liyuan jurisdiction. "It shows that the students have had a good sleep and will definitely get good grades."

　　Although no report was received, Leon Xiao and the law enforcement team members were divided into two groups to patrol the road respectively. At 22: 30 on July 6th, Leon Xiao’s motorcade found a construction worker drawing a line on the sidewalk at an intersection, and the machines at the scene made some noise. Leon Xiao, knowing the situation, asked the construction workers to lower their voices and finish the work as soon as possible, because the location was far away from residential areas and it was a project that needed urgent construction. Ten minutes later, after the on-site construction was over and the construction personnel were evacuated, Leon Xiao and the law enforcement team members continued to conduct inspections.

　　"The inspection of the construction site does not end once every night. Each construction site will inspect at least three or four times in different time periods." Leon Xiao introduced, "If you see that the headlights of a construction site are not turned off, you will be asked to turn them off immediately. If you are close to a residential area, although there is no noise, the lights are very dazzling, which affects the rest."

　　At the underground pipe gallery project site of Wansheng East Station on Metro Line 7, the reporter of Beiqing Daily saw that only one worker left here to take care of the site. He said that the urban management department had already notified that the construction could not be carried out, and it was simply cleaned on July 6, and the construction site did not start all day. On the eve of the college entrance examination, Leon Xiao and his team members were busy until 1 am on July 7 before returning to the team and sleeping with their clothes on. He said: "I didn’t dare to take off my clothes. If I reported it, I put on my shoes and set off for the scene."

　　7: 00 a.m. on July 7

　　Arrive at work early to maintain the order around the examination room

　　According to the requirements, the urban management law enforcement officers of various security posts outside the college entrance examination should be on duty before 7: 30 am and before 14: 00 pm. Although they were busy until early morning on the eve of the college entrance examination, Leon Xiao took the team members to the post outside the west campus of Canal Middle School in Tongzhou District early before 7: 00. "Come early and be practical. We also arrived early in previous years." Leon Xiao told reporters, "Because I didn’t report it last night, I was in a good mood and slept well, although I only slept for 4 hours."

　　"In previous years, there were many people who sent various materials and made small advertisements in the college entrance examination. This year, there is no such thing." Because of the epidemic situation and other reasons, the environmental order outside the examination room this year is obviously better than in previous years, but the urban management law enforcement team members are still very busy, helping parents and candidates to guide the way, checking the epidemic prevention and control in the "third-class places" around the examination center, and bringing medicine boxes and wind oil essence for emergencies.

　　During the exam

　　Patrol repeatedly to ensure that there is no noise in the surrounding construction site.

　　Two cars and six law enforcement officers, this is the staffing of the comprehensive administrative law enforcement team in Liyuan Town, Tongzhou District, outside the test center. After assigning the posts, Leon Xiao went to a stopped construction site about 500 meters away from the test center to reconfirm. According to the requirements, the urban management law enforcement officers should ensure that the surrounding environment of the test center is in good order and the construction site within 500 meters of the test center does not produce noise. Although it has been repeatedly told and publicized for many days, on the day of the exam, the law enforcement team members visited the construction site every once in a while to prevent accidents. In Leon Xiao’s hand, there is also a site ledger around the test center, with the contact information of the site construction unit, construction unit and relevant responsible persons readily available.

　　On the afternoon of July 7th, the math exam was held, and the comprehensive administrative law enforcement team in Liyuan Town, Tongzhou District also completed the shift change. Captain Mingdelin still led the team members to their posts early, and they will also be busy for the candidates until midnight.

　　Tongzhou City Management:

　　Real name keeping watch and maintaining the environmental order around the examination room

　　On the morning of July 7th, Tongzhou District Urban Management Law Enforcement Bureau, together with the Market Supervision Bureau and the local government and other departments, conducted supervision and inspection on the implementation of epidemic prevention and control by merchants involved in "three types of places" and "seven small places" during the college entrance examination.

　　The inspection team focused on the implementation of epidemic prevention work of merchants around Luhe Middle School in Tongzhou District during the college entrance examination. Among them, it was found that some stores did not wear masks and gloves, and did not take off the door curtain. According to the relevant work responsibilities, the local comprehensive law enforcement team and the market supervision office supervised and rectified the above problems on the spot.

　　The reporter of Beiqing Daily learned that during the college entrance examination, Tongzhou urban management law enforcement department will concentrate on law enforcement forces and go all out to ensure the external environment for candidates to review and take exams. In conjunction with relevant departments, we will focus on strengthening the inspection and enforcement of epidemic prevention and control in "three types of places" around the test center, increase the frequency of inspections, and intensify the rectification of outstanding environmental order problems that affect the study and life of candidates, so as to further ensure the environmental order around the test center.

　　At the same time, the urban management law enforcement personnel of each security post will deploy team member real-name registration system to keep an eye on the test sites and the construction sites around the test sites, so as to ensure that the environmental order around the test sites is good and there is no noise-producing construction work at the construction sites within 500 meters of the test sites. Urban management law enforcement departments will minimize and promptly stop illegal activities such as night construction disturbing the people that affect the study and life of candidates. During the examination period, in case of extreme weather such as high temperature, flood control, heavy air pollution and strong wind, especially in case of heavy rainfall, the urban management law enforcement department will respond quickly, start relevant response plans in time, and actively cooperate with relevant departments to strengthen order guidance and serve candidates.

　　Text/Reporter Li Tao

　　Xinhua News Agency, Davos, Switzerland, January 17th Summary: Boosting the "key driving force" of the global economy — — World Economic Forum discusses China’s optimization and adjustment of epidemic prevention policy.

　　Xinhua News Agency reporter Chen Binjie Chen Junxia

　　During the 2023 annual meeting of the World Economic Forum held in the Swiss town of Davos, China’s optimization and adjustment of epidemic prevention policies became the "hot words" of many high-level meetings. A number of economists and heads of institutions attending the annual meeting said that China has continuously optimized and adjusted its epidemic prevention policies according to the current situation, which will not only further enhance its own economic growth expectations, but also strongly boost global growth confidence.

　　Shi Meilun, chairman of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, said that after optimizing and adjusting the epidemic prevention policy in China, consumer demand will be released and the manufacturing industry will resume prosperity, which will become a "key driving force" for global economic growth.

　　She believes that in the new year, it may be inevitable that some economies will fall into recession, but emerging Asian economies such as China, Indian and Indonesian will perform brilliantly, and the share of Asian economy in the world is expected to further increase.

　　A scene of Yangpu International Container Terminal in Hainan (photo taken on November 5, 2022, photo of drone). (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Pu Xiaoxu)

　　Axel Lyman, chairman of Credit Suisse, said that the world is developing towards multipolarization, and different countries and regions face different economic pressures. Both the United States and Europe are facing recession pressure, and China’s economic performance deserves attention. From the experience of other countries and regions, the economic growth rate after optimizing and adjusting the epidemic prevention policy will be higher than the forecast level.

　　Lyman said that China has good economic fundamentals and great growth potential, and its actual performance is likely to be better than the forecast level.

　　Douglas Peterson, president and CEO of Standard & Poor’s Global, said that in the first half of this year, there may be a "moderate recession" in the United States, the European Union and the United Kingdom, and strong growth in Asia will benefit the global economic recovery. Among them, with the release of China’s consumer demand, China’s economy is expected to see strong growth later this year.

　　This is the logo of the World Economic Forum filmed in Davos on January 15th. (Xinhua News Agency reporter Lian Yushe)

　　Ou Guansheng, CEO of HKEx Group, called China’s optimization and adjustment of epidemic prevention policies "the most active catalyst in the global market in 2023". He noted that at the beginning of the new year, the international investment in cooperation projects in China increased significantly. In addition, the savings rate of China residents has increased significantly in the past two years, which means great consumption potential.

　　Coleman, Secretary-General of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, said that China’s optimization and adjustment of epidemic prevention policies will help ease the global inflationary pressure.

　　Cctv newsAccording to the news of "Shijiazhuang Released" WeChat WeChat official account on February 4th, according to the joint consultation between the Provincial Ecological Environment Emergency and Heavy Pollution Weather Warning Center, China National Environmental Monitoring Center and the Provincial Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Environmental Meteorological Center, it is estimated that the diffusion conditions in Shijiazhuang will deteriorate from February 3rd, and pollutants will continue to accumulate, reaching the level of moderate to heavy pollution from February 5th. According to the suggestion of the Letter of the Provincial Atmospheric Office on Doing a Good Job in the Response to the Recent Pollution Process (Jiqi Lingban Letter [2023] No.6), in order to reduce the impact of heavily polluted weather on public health, the municipal meteorological and ecological environment departments have judged and reported it to emergency headquarters for approval, and now an orange warning of heavily polluted weather is issued to the whole city. The Class II emergency response of heavily polluted weather will be started at 18: 00 on February 4, 2023, and the release time will be notified separately.

　　I. Control measures for industrial enterprises

　　The city’s gas-related industrial enterprises are strictly in place in accordance with the requirements of Grade II differentiated emission reduction measures for orange warning in the List of Industrial Sources for Emergency Emission Reduction of Heavy Pollution Weather in Shijiazhuang City in 2022-2023 (Revised Edition). For enterprises included in the white list of ecological environment supervision, in the case of normal operation of pollution prevention facilities and stable discharge of pollutants up to the standard, in principle, they will not limit production or stop production, encourage enterprises to reduce emissions independently, and strictly guard against "one size fits all".

　　Second, non-point source control measures

　　In addition to emergency rescue projects, white list, people’s livelihood security and other provincial and municipal key projects will stop painting, slope protection and shotcreting, building demolition, earthwork and other construction operations at night under the premise of strictly implementing "six hundred percent" and "two full coverage"; Other construction sites stop the above processes all day, and other processes can be constructed normally. Strengthen global cleaning and cleaning, increase the frequency of road wet sweeping according to meteorological conditions, and reduce road dust. Within the administrative area of the city, it is forbidden to set off fireworks and firecrackers all the time, and it is completely forbidden to burn straw, biomass and garbage in the open air.

　　Third, mobile source control measures

　　Special vehicles such as emergency rescue, epidemic prevention and control, life support and medical waste disposal will open up green channels to ensure normal traffic. Guide transit vehicles to avoid driving in the main city. In principle, heavy and medium-sized trucks, three-wheeled vehicles, low-speed trucks and tractors are prohibited from passing through the central city and counties (cities, districts) except for urban operation support vehicles and special vehicles performing tasks. Focus on large car users and reduce transport vehicles. Industrial enterprises and logistics parks prohibit the use of heavy-duty trucks (including gas) of Grade IV and below for transportation (except special vehicles and vehicles for hazardous chemicals), stop using non-road mobile machinery with emission standards of Grade II and below, and encourage the use of new energy working machinery.

　　Fourth, public protection measures

　　It is suggested that children, the elderly and patients with respiratory tract, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and other chronic diseases should stay indoors as far as possible, avoid outdoor activities, and minimize the ventilation time of opening windows; Medical and health institutions should strengthen medical guidance and medical support for patients with respiratory diseases; The general population reduces or avoids outdoor activities; Outdoor work, duty, homework, activities and other personnel can take necessary protective measures such as wearing masks and shortening outdoor working hours.

　　V. Initiative emission reduction measures

　　Advocate public green travel, and try to travel by public transport or electric cars; Stop the engine in time to reduce the idle running time of the vehicle; Consciously stop driving fuel-fired motor vehicles at or below the national level. Advocate green consumption, and units and the public should minimize the use of raw materials and products such as paints, paints and solvents containing volatile organic compounds.

Qingwenyi Xinhua Net Map

On November 9th, Qing Wenyi, a 17-year-old swimming star, died suddenly in the dormitory of the Beijing national team. She had just won the women’s 100-meter and 200-meter breaststroke gold medals at the first Youth Games.

According to Xinhua News Agency, Qing Wenyi suddenly went into shock in the dormitory in the early morning of November 9, and the team immediately called the 120 ambulance. However, the rescue failed to save the young girl’s life.

As of press time, the China Swimming Team has not announced the detailed reasons for Qing Wenyi’s sudden death, and it does not rule out that it was caused by a sudden heart attack.

In the early morning, my teammates were awakened by a loud cry.

According to Xinhua News Agency, it happened at three or four o’clock in the morning on November 9. My roommate was awakened by a loud cry from Qing Wenyi. She turned on the light and called her, only to find that she didn’t respond. The roommate invited the team doctor to make a preliminary diagnosis. The team doctor thought the situation was bad and called 120 ambulances.

The ambulance doctor carried out emergency rescue on her while sending her to Tiantan Hospital for further rescue. After informing Qing Wenyi’s parents, the national team, the Beijing team and the relevant leaders and responsible persons of the Beijing Municipal Sports Bureau, they rushed to Tiantan Hospital separately. After nearly an hour of rescue, Qing Wenyi was still unable to pull back from the death line. Tiantan Hospital announced the death of Qing Wenyi.

While Qing Wenyi was sent to the hospital, the national swimming team also informed her parents. As the only daughter in the family, Qing Wenyi’s death also caused great pain to her parents. They said that they would not do an autopsy and hoped to let their daughter rest in peace as soon as possible.

She was once regarded as the future "female frog king"

The name Qing Wenyi is not familiar to people, and she only came to the fore at the Youth Games last month.

At the Youth Games held at the end of October, Qing Wenyi won the 100m breaststroke champion on behalf of Beijing Shunyi Team, and two days later, she won the second gold in 200m breaststroke.

After Luo Xuejuan and Qi Hui retired, China women’s breaststroke entered a "off-schedule period", and 17-year-old Qing Wenyi’s performance at the Youth Games made people see the potential. Her winning results in the women’s 100m and 200m breaststroke in the Youth Games were 1 minute 08.99 seconds and 2 minutes 30.39 seconds respectively, and these two results could reach the semi-finals in Kazan World Championships.

After winning two gold medals in the Youth Games, she told the reporter of Beijing Evening News that her achievements "should have room for improvement". After Beijing Shunyi team won the silver medal in the 4× 100m medley relay, she also wrote in her own Weibo that "go back and continue to work hard".

However, it is a pity that the swimming star can no longer be seen in the swimming pool.

The physical examination was normal, and the national team had a case of sudden death.

Up to now, the specific cause of death of Qing Wenyi has not been announced, and it is not ruled out that it was caused by a heart attack.

It is worth mentioning that just two weeks ago, on October 28th, Qing Wenyi also took part in a physical examination with all her teammates, and all the results were normal.

However, Sun Chunli, the leader of the Beijing swimming team, told Beijing Youth Daily that Qing Wenyi had a comment on sinus bradycardia on his physical examination form, but it was normal for most people who often engaged in sports. Sun Chunli also revealed that such sudden death occurred once in the national swimming team in 1972, and was diagnosed as acute pancreatitis after dissection. The situation of Qing Wenyi is somewhat similar, but it cannot be asserted that it is related to heart or pancreatitis.

According to Xinhua News Agency, Qing Wenyi was a substitute member of the national team. She just concentrated on training on November 2, and the current training is only a recovery training. The intensity is not great. On the 8 th of the day before her death, she only swam less than 1,000 meters. It seems that it is difficult to think that "too tired" is the direct cause of her sudden death. Ma Wei, an expert in cardiovascular medicine at the First Hospital of Peking University, explained in an interview with Tencent Sports: "Under normal circumstances, sudden death is caused by heart overload. Young cases like Qing Wenyi are mostly caused by hereditary or congenital heart abnormalities, and myocarditis is very likely."

Some people also suspect on the internet that Qing Wenyi’s sudden death is related to stimulants. However, people related to the swimming team denied this speculation, saying that everything was normal in the doping test of the Youth Games, and no doping was found. It can be confirmed that the death of Qing Wenyi was not caused by doping.

Swimmers are also at risk of heart disease.

It is worth mentioning that this is not the first time that a swimmer has died suddenly. In April 2012, Norwegian swimmer alexander dale oen died suddenly in the locker room of the swimming pool during the Olympic training camp. The final death report showed that he died of a serious heart disease caused by a coronary blood clot.

In 2007, Zhou Yanchun, a 17-year-old national first-class swimmer in Shanghai, drowned in the swimming pool. The cause of death was also that he had myocarditis before and suffered from ventricular arrhythmia due to lack of oxygen during high-intensity training.

In fact, two Olympic champions, Luo Xuejuan and Sun Yang, also suffer from heart diseases. Luo Xuejuan had to retire early, regretfully, from the initial heart ischemia and hypoxia to multiple ectopic beats. Sun Yang also suffered from myocarditis caused by a cold in 2008, resulting in insufficient blood supply to the myocardium, and Kazan World Championships also suffered from heart discomfort in the 1500m freestyle final. He once told The Paper that in severe cases, the heart beat 10,000 times a day.

An expert who used to be a researcher of the national swimming team told The Paper that there is no direct evidence that swimming is easy to cause heart disease. "Compared with other sports, the proportion of heart disease among swimmers is not high, and foreign reports show that the probability is a few ten thousandths."

However, he also admitted that because swimmers have been challenging the physical limits, the heart load is not small. "And holding your breath in the water will also cause the problem of heart ischemia and hypoxia. Once there is a problem with the heart, there is indeed a risk."

A former national swimmer who did not want to be named also told The Paper that short-distance swimming training will have some impact on the heart. "Generally, in short-distance swimming training, most of them use the method of holding their breath to reduce resistance and improve speed in an anaerobic state. In fact, under the condition of high-intensity training competition, this does have an impact on the heart."

During the Clinton period, "medical insurance" must be legislated and owned by everyone. Employers are explicitly required to buy medical insurance for their employees. Obama relaxed the "strictness" of this idea. Employers and enterprises with real difficulties can make exceptions and do not have to buy medical insurance for their employees.

About 10 million low-income people, including the elderly and children, apply for medical benefits every year. If this kind of welfare is open to all Americans, many private insurance companies and hospitals, including doctors and private clinical institutions, will go bankrupt.

Where can the American government get the money to let the people enjoy medical insurance? Still can only play the idea of taxation. Obama has increased the sales tax on tobacco and alcohol. Now it is planned to raise taxes on "junk food", Coca-Cola and other drinks with high sugar content.

Medical care in the United States is expensive, not because of lack of resources, but because of excessive abuse. Of every $1 in medical expenses, 30 cents are spent unnecessarily. Therefore, the real American medical reform must focus on the quality and effect of medical care.

Universal health insurance is not as simple and sweet as people think. Universal health insurance first means that everyone can afford insurance. What is the most basic service? Can health care and prevention be included in this range? Is psychiatric treatment included in this insurance?

On January 9th, Netease Cloud Music announced a brand-new revision today. The core sections such as homepage recommendation/playing interface/personal homepage/community square were completely refreshed, and Slogan was changed back to the first edition (Note of IT House: the original Slogan is the power of music).

Netease Cloud Music officially said that there are two points that need to be apologized to everyone most (Note of IT House: the first one was not said). The official decided to promote the biggest revision of Netease Cloud Music in history, "returning to the way it all started".

First of all, Around listening to music, we have created the whole home page for you. Fully personalized customization, from daily push and private radar to song list and singer, can recommend good music for you in many dimensions.

Secondly,. "AIDJ" will take you into a more immersive listening experience. Spiritual roaming is also a kind of running away. The advantage is that the more immersed you are, the less likely it is to be disturbed by mundane chores.

Third,. Maximize "music criticism is community", recommend high-quality music criticism according to your preference for listening to songs, and the lonely soul will eventually be understood in every music criticism.

Finally,. We are here to recommend songs, charts, podcasts and so on carefully selected by Yuncun Editor. Let you enjoy the accurate recommendation of the algorithm and still experience the fun of browsing "music magazines". We think this is also "cloud music".

In addition to the above, all the impractical functions that disturb your listening to songs have been deleted.

IT house test, the latest version of Netease cloud music after revision is, you can go to the official introduction page to learn more information and download the App.

　　Cctv newsAt 10: 00 am on May 18th, the State Council Press Office held a series of press conferences on the theme of "Opening by Authorities", introducing the situation of "Implementing the Party’s 20 Major Decisions and Deploying Efforts to Promote the High-quality Development of Medical Insurance" and answering reporters’ questions.

　　Hu Jinglin, director of the National Health Insurance Bureau, said that since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has led hundreds of millions of people to win the battle against poverty, which has historically solved the problem of absolute poverty that has plagued the Chinese nation for thousands of years and created a miracle in the history of human poverty reduction. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that getting rid of poverty is not the end, but the starting point of a new life and a new struggle. After winning the battle against poverty in an all-round way, the medical insurance department resolutely implemented the decision-making arrangements made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council to effectively link the achievements of consolidating and expanding poverty alleviation with rural revitalization, continued to deepen the reform of the medical security system, steadily realized the basic medical care for low-income people in rural areas, and resolutely adhered to the bottom line of not returning to poverty on a large scale due to illness.

　　First, ensure that the key population should be guaranteed. The central government has continuously increased subsidies for residents’ medical insurance, and medical assistance has subsidized the poor, the low-income people, the poverty-stricken people who have returned to poverty, and the poverty-stricken people who are easy to return to poverty and are included in the monitoring, ensuring that the rural low-income people have institutional guarantees for medical treatment. In 2022, a total of 97.66 million people with difficulties were funded to participate in insurance, and the participation rate of low-income people in rural areas was monitored to be stable at over 99%.

　　Second, strengthen the effectiveness of the triple system to reduce burdens. Triple system, mainly basic medical insurance, serious illness insurance and medical assistance. First, stabilize the level of hospitalization benefits of basic medical insurance and improve the outpatient mutual aid guarantee mechanism. The second is to improve the reimbursement level of residents with serious illness by inclusiveness, and accurately implement inclined payment for people with special difficulties. The third is to improve the medical insurance and assistance system for serious and serious diseases, and consolidate the function of supporting the bottom. According to monitoring, in 2022, the triple system benefited 145 million rural low-income people to seek medical treatment, helping to reduce the cost burden by 148.7 billion yuan.

　　Third, improve the long-term mechanism to prevent poverty due to illness. Guide all localities to do a good job in monitoring and early warning patients with high medical expenses, timely include qualified key monitoring personnel into the scope of medical assistance, and cooperate with relevant departments to implement comprehensive assistance. Since 2021, more than 7.4 million people have actively pushed early warning information. In addition, through the adjustment and normalization of medical insurance catalogue, the procurement of medicines and medical consumables is carried out, and the cost of medical treatment for low-income people in rural areas is jointly reduced.

　　In the next step, we will resolutely implement the decision-making and deployment of the CPC Central Committee in the State Council, and on the basis of continuously consolidating and expanding the achievements of "basic medical security", vigorously promote medical security to help the rural areas revitalize in an all-round way, mainly doing the following work:

　　First, promote the establishment of a diversified medical assistance system, improve the unified and standardized medical assistance system, and make overall plans to improve the level of assistance for seriously ill patients in difficult families.

　　The second is to improve the comprehensive assistance mechanism for patients with high expenses, and promote charitable organizations, commercial health insurance, medical mutual assistance and other social forces to participate in the rescue and protection, so as to give full play to the joint efforts of protection.

　　The third is to do a good job in consolidating and expanding the contact point construction of medical insurance poverty alleviation achievements, in-depth summing up local practical experience, and exploring and supporting the national rural revitalization key help counties to carry out medical insurance to help rural revitalization special rescue operations.

　　CCTV News:According to the news of the National Bureau for Disease Control and Prevention in WeChat official account on September 22nd, the epidemic prevention and control group of the joint prevention and control mechanism in the State Council issued the Notice on Doing a Good Job in the Prevention and Control of Covid-19 Infection and Other Key Infectious Diseases before and after the Mid-Autumn National Day holiday in 2023. According to the Notice, since February 2023, the epidemic situation in COVID-19 in China has been low-level and wave-like. At present, the epidemic situation of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases is generally stable, but dengue fever is in the high season in some provinces, and the epidemic situation of influenza in some southern provinces is on the rise. This year’s Mid-Autumn Festival and National Day holiday are connected, and people’s willingness to travel is strong. People’s cross-regional mobility, the number of people entering and leaving the country and gathering activities will obviously increase. The risk of respiratory infectious diseases such as COVID-19 will increase, the risk of mosquito-borne infectious diseases such as dengue fever and malaria will increase, and the risk of intestinal infectious diseases such as infectious diarrhea will increase. If prevention and control measures are not implemented in place, the possibility of gathering epidemics such as COVID-19 and dengue fever in individual areas will not be ruled out. All localities and departments should attach great importance to the prevention and control of COVID-19 and other key infectious diseases before and after the Mid-Autumn National Day holiday, effectively coordinate the prevention and control of epidemic situation and economic and social development, scientifically and accurately implement the prevention and control measures of "Class B and Class B Management" and other key infectious diseases in COVID-19, and minimize the risk of epidemic spread on the premise of fully ensuring the normal travel needs of the masses.

Notice on the prevention and control of infections and other key infectious diseases in Covid-19 before and after the Mid-Autumn National Day holiday in 2023

No.3 [2023] of joint prevention and control mechanism

　　All provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps joint defense and control mechanism (leading group, headquarters), members of the State Council joint defense and control mechanism, China CDC:

　　In order to implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, further improve the prevention and control of Covid-19 infection (hereinafter referred to as COVID-19) and other key infectious diseases before and after the Mid-Autumn National Day holiday in 2023, and effectively protect the people to spend a healthy and safe holiday, the relevant requirements are hereby notified as follows:

　　First, strengthen ideological understanding and attach great importance to epidemic prevention and control before and after the Mid-Autumn National Day holiday.

　　Since February, 2023, the epidemic situation in COVID-19 in China has been low-level and wave-like. At present, the epidemic situation in COVID-19 and other infectious diseases is generally stable, but dengue fever is in the high-incidence season in some provinces, and influenza epidemic in some southern provinces is on the rise. This year’s Mid-Autumn Festival and National Day holiday are connected, and people’s willingness to travel is strong. People’s cross-regional mobility, the number of people entering and leaving the country and gathering activities will obviously increase. The risk of respiratory infectious diseases such as COVID-19 will increase, the risk of mosquito-borne infectious diseases such as dengue fever and malaria will increase, and the risk of intestinal infectious diseases such as infectious diarrhea will increase. If prevention and control measures are not implemented in place, the possibility of gathering epidemics such as COVID-19 and dengue fever in individual areas will not be ruled out. All localities and departments should attach great importance to the prevention and control of COVID-19 and other key infectious diseases before and after the Mid-Autumn National Day holiday, effectively coordinate the prevention and control of epidemic situation and economic and social development, scientifically and accurately implement the prevention and control measures of "Class B and Class B Management" and other key infectious diseases in COVID-19, and minimize the risk of epidemic spread on the premise of fully ensuring the normal travel needs of the masses.

　　Two, strengthen the gateway forward, to further reduce the risk of epidemic import.

　　The customs department should strictly implement measures such as temperature monitoring of entry personnel, health declaration verification, and COVID-19 nucleic acid sampling inspection, strengthen the dynamic monitoring of Covid-19 mutant strains imported from abroad, and promptly notify the local disease control department to carry out epidemiological investigation of new mutant strains discovered by sequencing; Strengthen port quarantine inspection, vector disinfection, and prevent the import of mosquito-borne infectious diseases such as dengue fever and malaria; Strengthen the investigation of entry personnel with monkeypox-like symptoms or related abnormal health declaration, and find the imported cases of monkeypox in time. All localities should guide outbound business, tourism and other personnel to pay attention to the epidemic situation in the destination, do personal protection and reduce the risk of overseas infection; After returning home, you should take the initiative to do a good job of self-health monitoring, see a doctor in time after the symptoms appear, and take the initiative to inform the doctor of the history of leaving the country.

　　Third, strengthen monitoring and early warning to ensure early detection of the epidemic.

　　All localities should strengthen the monitoring of epidemic situation of COVID-19 and other key infectious diseases before and after the Mid-Autumn National Day holiday. Before the holiday, we should strengthen the risk judgment of epidemic situation, check shortcomings and fill loopholes, and take targeted prevention and control measures to eliminate potential risks in time. During the holidays, we should strengthen epidemic monitoring and early warning, and release epidemic information and health risk tips in real time. After the holiday, we should timely judge the development trend of the epidemic, and do a good job in monitoring the epidemic situation in key institutions such as schools, pension institutions and social welfare institutions to prevent the epidemic from rebounding. All localities should strengthen the management of legal infectious disease information report to ensure the timeliness and accuracy of the report.

　　Fourth, strengthen the prevention and control of key links and effectively block the spread of the epidemic.

　　(1) Strengthen the prevention and control of travel epidemic. Transportation units should co-ordinate the prevention and control of epidemic situation and the organization and guarantee of holiday transportation. The passenger station should increase or open the entrance and security inspection channels in time according to the passenger flow demand, guide passengers to enter the station in an orderly manner by car and boat, and reduce passenger congestion and waiting time. Do a good job in cleaning, disinfection, ventilation and ventilation of passenger stations, expressway service areas and toll stations, and advocate passengers to wear masks scientifically at passenger stations and when taking vehicles.

　　(2) Strengthen the prevention and control of epidemic situation in tourism activities. Tourist attractions around the country should implement the requirements of "limited, reserved and peak-shifting", promptly and dynamically divert passenger flow, and avoid large-scale gathering of people in indoor venues. Strengthen the ventilation of indoor venues and other places with dense people and closed space, strengthen the management of drinking water, food and environmental sanitation in tourist attractions, and appropriately increase the frequency of cleaning and disinfection of public goods and facilities that are frequently contacted. Catering service units should strengthen food hygiene and safety management to effectively reduce the risk of intestinal infectious diseases.

　　(3) Strengthen epidemic prevention and control in key institutions. During the holidays, local pension institutions and social welfare institutions should strengthen internal management, do a good job in monitoring the health of clients and staff, strengthen daily protection and environmental disinfection, and implement the protective requirements for visitors to wear masks scientifically. Schools should strengthen the health monitoring of teachers and students who return to school after the holiday, implement measures such as morning (noon) check-up, tracing and registration of the cause of absence due to illness (attendance), case report, etc., and do a good job in investigating teachers and students who have symptoms such as fever and cough to prevent cluster epidemics on campus.

　　(4) Strengthening the patriotic health campaign. All localities should carry out in-depth patriotic health campaigns, strengthen environmental sanitation management, and clean up health corners in time. According to the variety, distribution and density trend of local key vectors such as mosquitoes and rodents, mosquito and rodent control should be carried out in a targeted manner, and vector control and source control should be strengthened to create a good environment for the prevention and control of infectious diseases such as dengue fever and epidemic hemorrhagic fever.

　　(five) timely disposal of cluster epidemic. All localities should strengthen the disposal of clustered epidemic situation of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases, start emergency response in time, carry out epidemiological investigation, laboratory testing, infection source management, disinfection of epidemic areas and other measures, so as to achieve early detection, early reporting, early isolation and early treatment, and control the epidemic risk in the bud. China CDC should strengthen technical support for the disposal of local cluster epidemics, block the transmission chain as soon as possible, and prevent the spread of epidemics.

　　Five, strengthen publicity and education, enhance the awareness of scientific prevention and control.

　　All localities should timely, accurately and objectively release information on epidemic situation and prevention and control work, carry out in-depth publicity on prevention and control knowledge of infectious diseases such as COVID-19, influenza, dengue fever and infectious diarrhea according to the characteristics of local epidemic situation, vigorously advocate healthy lifestyles, and strive to improve people’s awareness of self-protection and timely medical treatment. Remind people who go out to take measures to prevent mosquito bites, remind people who go to natural foci of plague, epidemic hemorrhagic fever and other diseases not to contact with animals and products in the foci, remind people with suspected contact history of monkeypox to do self-health monitoring, and advocate that people with fever, cough and other symptoms should suspend their travel during holidays.

　　Six, strengthen the diagnosis and treatment services, to do a good job in case treatment.

　　All localities should co-ordinate the deployment of medical and health resources within their jurisdiction, strengthen the strength of outpatient and emergency departments, fever clinics, pediatrics, respiratory departments and critical care departments, and ensure the smooth and orderly medical treatment during the Mid-Autumn National Day holiday. Medical institutions should strengthen the training of medical personnel, improve the diagnosis and treatment ability of plague, monkeypox, dengue fever and other infectious diseases, and implement the requirements of "four early". It is necessary to strictly implement the requirements of the infectious disease pre-inspection and triage system and the infection prevention and control system of medical institutions, strengthen the management of fever clinics and intestinal clinics, and do a good job in personal protection of doctors and patients to effectively avoid nosocomial infections.

　　Seven, strengthen organizational leadership, to ensure that all measures are implemented.

　　(1) Compacting the "four-party responsibility". Local party committees and governments at all levels should implement territorial responsibilities, maintain the normal operation of joint prevention and control mechanisms at all levels, strengthen organizational leadership and inter-departmental coordination, and adhere to the principle of "common prevention of multiple diseases" to ensure the health and safety of the people. All departments should implement the responsibilities of industry leaders, strengthen overall scheduling, supervision and guidance, and promote the implementation of epidemic prevention and control measures in the industry. All organs, enterprises, institutions and other units should implement the main responsibility and strictly implement the provisions on the prevention and control of territorial epidemics. Advocate individuals to adhere to good hygiene habits and be the first responsible person for their own health.

　　(2) Strengthen emergency duty. All localities should strengthen the duty on duty during the Mid-Autumn National Day holiday, refine the epidemic prevention and control measures, focus on key time periods and key links, and report the epidemic in time, respond quickly and deal with it effectively once it is discovered. The host area of Hangzhou Asian Games should strengthen the epidemic information notification and joint prevention and control with neighboring areas. When all localities find relevant epidemic information and clues, they should notify the host area of Hangzhou Asian Games at the first time to jointly do a good job in the prevention and control of infectious diseases during the games.

　　(3) Strengthen supervision and inspection. All localities should strengthen the supervision and inspection of disinfection, ventilation and ventilation in public places such as hotels, passenger stations, supermarkets, indoor venues in tourist attractions, strengthen the supervision and inspection of drinking water and food hygiene in tourist attractions and catering service units, and urge relevant units to rectify the problems found in the inspection in time to ensure that indoor air, public goods, drinking water and food meet relevant hygiene standards.

　　M8 is coming! A few days ago, the first batch of new car declaration catalogue in 2025 was released, including the hot M8. As a heavyweight product of the asking world family in 2025, the asking world M8 has a car length of nearly 5.2 meters and a size of 3105mm, which is almost the size of L9. It is expected to be listed this year.

　　The appearance of the new car adopts the latest design language, with a length of 5190mm, a width of 1999mm, a height of 1795mm and a wheelbase of 3105mm, and there are two layouts of 5 seats and 6 seats. The wheelbase is the same as that of ideal L9, and the length of the whole vehicle is only 40mm shorter than that of bound M9, which is the same as that of ideal L9 and larger than that of ideal L8.

　　On the other hand, by changing the details such as the roof line, the semi-circular running lights at the front, the narrow front and the wide back, the M8 keeps the family appearance, makes the whole car younger and more dynamic, and is biased towards motion control, making a style distinction from the M9, and also adopts fresh design languages such as narrower and flatter laser radar and semi-hidden door handles. In addition, the M8 also continues the seat layout scheme of M9, and provides two layouts of six seats and five seats.

　　The typical "performance" tire layout of "narrow front and wide back" also brings stronger driving stability to M8. According to the public information, the M8 tires of Jiejie provide optional specifications of front 255/50 R20, rear 275/50 R20 and front 265/45 R21 and rear 285/45 R21.

　　In terms of price, based on the product strength displayed by Wenjie M8, combined with Wenjie M9, Wenjie New M7 and the price range of competing products at the same level, it is estimated that Wenjie M8 is likely to be priced in the range of 350,000-450,000, which will complete the price puzzle of Wenjie series vehicles and seamlessly connect with Wenjie M9 with the price of 500,000 for the main sales models.

　　Up to now, the model M9 has exceeded 200,000 vehicles in 12 months since it was launched, ranking first in the high-end monthly sales of more than 500,000 yuan in China. At present, the intelligent driving, intelligent cabin, three electric power and super extended range technology that M9 is proud of should also be delegated to M8.

Ask about M9 interior, M8 will continue to use this basic design.

　　The M8 keeps two kinds of power: extended range and pure electricity. The 1.5T extended-range power system, with a range extender of 118 kW, is also equipped with front and rear dual motors. The fuel consumption of the front 165kW and the rear 227kW and WLTC is as low as 0.52-0.85L per 100km, which has remarkable energy-saving effect. The pure electric vehicle is equipped with a whale 800V high-voltage battery platform, which supports super fast charging and can charge the power from 30% to 80% in 15 minutes. With advanced thermal management system and DriveONE electric drive system, the acceleration of 100 kilometers takes only 4.5 seconds.

　　In 2025, the medium and large-scale new energy SUV market will undoubtedly become more intense, including N9, 900, L, etc. It is worth looking forward to whether M8 can reproduce the market performance of M9 that "release is the peak, listing is the explosion".

Original zi yi Guo ke

Imagine such a scene: a new drug-resistant bacteria will be popular among people in the future, and you are unfortunately infected and lying in the intensive care unit. All the antibiotics injected into your body are completely ineffective, and your life is dying, and you will die like many infected people …

Terrible, isn’t it?

In order to keep yourself alive and avoid the above scene becoming a reality, can you get rid of the habit of taking antibiotics easily from now on to ensure your safety?

No, you don’t abuse antibiotics, your family and friends may abuse them, strangers you meet on the road may abuse them, and even pigs may abuse them.

However, does the use of antibiotics have anything to do with my infection? Of course, drug-resistant bacteria from other people and animals can also infect you.

Abuse of antibiotics by others or animals may also infect you giphy drug-resistant bacteria.

Gonorrhea in the U.S navy is difficult to treat.

Because the sex workers used the wrong antibiotics?

In the 1960s, millions of sailors gathered all the year round at the US Naval Base in subic bay. A large number of people flow has promoted the prosperity and development of local economy, especially bars, nightclubs and brothels. Navy soldiers often hang around these places as long as they are not on duty.

After indulging, many people go to see a military doctor as soon as they return to the boat because they find urethral secretions. They were diagnosed with gonorrhea, that is, gonococcal infection, and received standard penicillin treatment. But strangely, the treatment effect of the navy is not ideal, and the number of infected people is increasing.

The preventive medicine department of the navy conducted an investigation and found that there were two reasons for the failure of the navy’s treatment: one was misdiagnosis, and half of the people suffered from nongonococcal urethritis (such as chlamydia and mycoplasma infection) instead of gonorrhea; The second is drug resistance. The other half of the soldiers who were really infected with gonococcus had strong drug resistance to penicillin, which was not common at that time.

Why is there such a large-scale drug resistance at the naval base in subic bay?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is resistant to penicillin, which leads to unsatisfactory treatment effect of gonorrhea | flickr

Gonorrhea is mainly transmitted through sexual contact. Considering the common "recreational activities" of the navy, the preventive medicine department began an investigation from sex workers. It turns out that in a clinic where sex workers gather, doctors use benzathine penicillin to treat gonorrhea of sex workers, and they also go to the pharmacy to buy this penicillin themselves.

However, killing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, especially Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to penicillin, requires the use of fast-acting drugs, and the drugs cannot stay in the body for too long, otherwise it will provide natural selection opportunities for drug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, the most suitable drug is procaine penicillin, not benzathine penicillin, which has slow onset and long retention time in the body. Excessive use of the same wrong drug has produced penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in sex workers.

At the same time, the preventive medicine department also found that when the sex workers were examined in this small clinic, the doctor never disinfected the vaginal dilator to improve efficiency, but put a big bucket of water beside him. After each patient was examined, he rinsed it in the bucket and then continued to examine the next one. This irregular operation paved a broad road for the spread of pathogenic bacteria …

In this way, the drug-resistant bacteria spread from one sex worker to another, and then infected the navy soldiers through sexual transmission, and the soldiers then spread them to other sex workers, which led to the widespread spread of drug-resistant bacteria.

After discovering the cause, the Department of Preventive Medicine improved the treatment scheme of gonorrhea, and solved the problem of cross infection by purchasing sterilizers and a large number of vaginal dilators. Finally, the number of patients with drug-resistant gonorrhea plummeted, and the situation of seafarers improved.

Drug-resistant bacteria repeatedly "jump horizontally" among sex workers and naval soldiers, leading to the widespread spread of drug-resistant bacteria | pexels

Pigs eat antibiotics

It can also "upgrade" the bacteria on people.

Drug-resistant bacteria can spread not only between people, but also between people and animals.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the common multi-drug resistant bacteria, also known as "superbugs".

It is speculated that in 2019, more than 100,000 deaths were related to MRSA. In a study published in June, 2022, Lucy A. Venat of Cambridge University proposed that MRSA (livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, LA-MRSA) in livestock was an important reason for the increasing human infection with MRSA.

Simply put, if pigs eat more antibiotics, they can also "pass" drug-resistant bacteria to people.

But this "transmission" is not that bacteria directly run from pigs to people, but that drug-resistant bacteria in pigs pass the "skill" of drug resistance to bacteria in people. This is achieved by Mobile genetic elements, MGEs). MGEs can "transport" drug-resistant genes from one bacterium to another, even if the two bacteria belong to different species.

Drug-resistant genes can be integrated into plasmids, and then enter other bacteria through plasmids.

Scientists have found that among the most common LA-MRSA in Europe, one MGEs with drug resistance gene has been stably inherited for 57 years, which dates back to the time when antibiotics were widely used in livestock.

When livestock use a large number of antibiotics to produce LA-MRSA, the related drug-resistant genes can be grafted into human Staphylococcus aureus through MGEs transfer, so that the common Staphylococcus aureus can be "upgraded" to drug-resistant MRSA. Even if humans did not use antibiotics at that time, they would be infected with bacteria that were more difficult to treat.

"One world, one health", the uncontrolled use of antibiotics on animals will eventually affect human beings.

After a large number of animals use antibiotics to produce drug-resistant bacteria, the related drug-resistant genes can "upgrade" the bacteria in people | wallpaperflare

Norwegians eat 24 tons of antibiotics every year.

Norwegian salmon eats 48 tons

Today, more and more people are aware of this potential crisis, and the control system of antibiotic use in aquaculture tends to be perfect, but this was not the case decades ago.

After the emergence of antibiotics, people who breed livestock and poultry found that feeding antibiotics can not only fight against some infectious diseases, but also promote the growth of livestock and poultry, increase the output of agricultural meat products and improve profits.

In the 1960s, many countries, such as Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States, enacted laws to reduce the use of antibiotics-especially to reduce the use of antibiotics for humans by livestock. However, driven by interests, these policies are either strongly resisted or disobeyed, and it is always difficult to implement them.

But there are also successful examples.

Norway has the highest salmon production in the world, and its quality is among the best.

Orange-yellow fish, fresh Q-bomb, is soft, tender and smooth in one bite, melts in the mouth, and the special aroma spreads in the mouth … Well, it’s a bit off topic | flickr.

In 1980s, Norwegian salmon industry developed on a large scale, which brought a problem, that is, furuncle began to spread in fish on a large scale. In order to protect salmon, Norwegian fishermen began to use antibiotics preventively and added them directly to fish feed. By the end of 1980s, the demand for antibiotics was increasing, and fishermen even used cement mixers to mix them into fish feed.

During that time, Norwegians prescribed an average of 24 tons of antibiotics every year, while salmon consumed 48 tons of antibiotics every year. Salmon used twice as many antibiotics as all Norwegians!

These fish feeds mixed with antibiotics were directly poured into the fishing ground and flowed into the nearby waters, so that high levels of antibiotics appeared in fish thousands of meters away from the fishing ground, and even in birds that feed on fish.

Local TV stations have produced relevant documentaries, calling on the government to issue an antibiotic supervision bill. However, the appeal was strongly resisted by fishing groups, and the documentary producers also received anonymous threat bombs. Documentaries have been banned, but the truth will never be buried. The public is paying more and more attention to the problem of drug resistance, and the fishery is under increasing pressure.

Fortunately, people later developed a salmon vaccine that can prevent furuncle, which can be injected from the abdomen of fish through automated procedures. This method not only reduces the use of antibiotics, but also stabilizes the salmon economy and has been vigorously promoted.

In 1994, vaccination of salmon became a routine operation in Norway, and the use of antibiotics plummeted.

In recent years, countries are trying to limit or stop using antibiotics in aquaculture. China has always advocated the rational and standardized use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry breeding. Announcement No.194 issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs stated that since New Year’s Day in 2020, the addition of antibiotics to feed in China has been completely banned.

Efforts to restrict or stop using antibiotics in aquaculture | Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China

The emergence of drug resistance predates the invention of antibiotics.

But the abuse of antibiotics makes it rampant.

Whether in the medical industry or animal husbandry, standardizing the use of antibiotics is to avoid producing drug-resistant bacteria and ensure that after human beings are infected with bacteria, antibiotics can kill bacteria and cure diseases.

However, the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria is not entirely the result of antibiotic use.

A study in 2012 found that there were many kinds of bacteria resistant to potent and advanced antibiotics in Lechuguilla cave, which was isolated from human civilization for nearly 4 million years. Among the 40 antibiotics tested by the researchers, a Bacteroides bacterium with the number LC231 is resistant to 26 of them.

Lechukier Cave | flickr

Another similar example is that in 2013, scientists analyzed a batch of microbial specimens from isolated Indians living in the depths of the Amazon jungle, who had never used antibiotics. The results showed that these microorganisms were resistant not only to natural antibiotics, but also to some synthetic antibiotics.

Therefore, it is actually natural evolution that initially caused bacteria to develop drug resistance.

For a long time, there are many kinds of bacteria in the soil. In order to compete for living space, they have to work hard to find ways to beat their competitors. Some bacteria have evolved the ability to make antibiotics and actively attack other bacteria. For example, the streptomycin we use now comes from streptomyces griseus in the soil. There are also some "Buddha" bacteria that only defend and do not attack. In order to defend their territory, they have evolved a set of mechanisms to resist the attack of foreign antibiotics, which is drug resistance.

Drug resistance is difficult to deal with because it is a defense mechanism that bacteria have evolved for thousands of years.

In the common defense system of bacteria, the outermost layer is the cell wall, which resists foreign attacks like a city wall, and the inner layer is a relatively thin inner membrane, which together protect the interior of bacteria from being destroyed.

When different kinds of antibiotics invade bacteria, they have different strategies:

Classification of attack modes against bacterial antibiotics

(1) by opening holes in the cell wall and cell membrane to launch a large-scale frontal attack, thus killing bacteria, such as polymyxin.

Frontal attack on cell walls and cell membranes | Photo courtesy of the author

(2) to prevent bacteria from building a complete cell wall, so that they lose protection and rupture and die, such as penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin, etc.

Prevent bacteria from building cell walls | Photo courtesy of the author

(3) Sneak into bacteria, control the "headquarters" in charge of the synthesis of important substances, interfere with the synthesis of nucleic acids, enzymes, protein, and inhibit bacterial reproduction, such as tetracycline, azithromycin, levofloxacin and sulfonamides.

"Hijacking" the bacterial "headquarters" and interfering with the synthesis of important substances | Photo courtesy of the author

In the process of resistance, bacteria constantly evolve through gene mutation, and some random mutations can just resist the attack of antibiotics, so this part of bacteria survived the battle and passed this mutation on to the next generation, giving future generations the ability to resist antibiotics. There are many forms of these mutations, mainly the following:

Classification of bacterial defense modes

(1) create cell walls that antibiotics can’t recognize, so that they can’t play a role, such as vancomycin-resistant drug-resistant bacteria.

② Shrink the boundary and reduce the permeability of the cell wall, so as to prevent certain kinds of antibiotics from entering the interior, or strictly limit their quantity, and weaken their bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects.

③ Use the efflux pump on the cell membrane to actively pump antibiotics out of the body.

(4) using the cleaving enzyme in bacteria to cut off antibiotic molecules, so that it loses its curative effect. One of the most famous enzymes is called "β-lactamase", which can cut off β -lactam antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporin and vancomycin.

⑤ Adding chemical groups to antibiotic molecules makes antibiotics huge and difficult to reach the "headquarters".

⑥ Change the shape or size of the target targeted by antibiotics, so that antibiotics cannot accurately identify and attack. For example, MRSA stopped synthesizing protein, which can be found by the antibiotic methicillin, and instead made another protein with different structure but the same function.

The drug resistance mechanism of drug-resistant bacteria found in Lechukier cave is almost the same as that of the well-known drug-resistant bacteria, and even several more than that previously known by human beings. This is enough to show that the mechanism of bacterial drug resistance is very old, and it may have existed before human activities.

So, what’s the point of restricting the use of antibiotics?

Of course there is.

In natural evolution, for thousands of years, the bacteria that produce antibiotics and the bacteria that resist antibiotics have restricted each other and reached a balanced competition. However, the overuse of antibiotics in the world has led to more and faster evolution of drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria, and drug-resistant bacteria in soil, water, homes and hospitals have flourished and flooded without substantial competition.

Therefore, although the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria is the result of natural evolution, the proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria is indeed caused by antibiotic abuse.

The terrible thing about flooding is that the speed of human research and development of new antibiotics can’t keep up with the speed of drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria. If this continues, there will be more and more infectious diseases without antibiotics, and the number of people who die from drug-resistant bacterial infections will also increase year by year.

The overuse of antibiotics in the world makes pathogenic bacteria evolve drug resistance more and faster | The University of Queensland.

Avoid drug resistance:

You can’t use more or less.

If you want to avoid the proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria and the horror scene at the beginning of the article, there are some ways.

First of all, don’t use antibiotics when they can’t cure the disease.

In the eighties and nineties, for many people, antibiotics were the "standard" for treating cough, fever and diarrhea, and they could be bought at pharmacies at any time without a doctor’s prescription. So, regardless of the cause of discomfort, let’s take an antibiotic first. At that time, in some remote areas, some people even took penicillin as a health care drug and gave it once a year to keep fit.

In many cases, there are no pathogens that can be killed by antibiotics. Antibiotics can only kill or inhibit specific pathogens through the mechanism mentioned above, but besides bacterial or fungal infections, people may get sick by virus infection, allergic reaction, inflammatory diseases, physical or chemical damage, etc. Antibiotics have no therapeutic effect on these situations.

When used in symptomatic cases, antibiotics can not cure diseases, but only increase the risk of drug resistance, without any benefit!

Antibiotics ≠ anti-inflammatory drugs

Many people are used to calling antibiotics "anti-inflammatory drugs". In fact, this statement is wrong, and the confusion of concepts can easily lead to some oolong incidents (click for details).

Strictly speaking, "anti-inflammatory drugs" should be called "anti-inflammatory drugs". Inflammation refers to a defensive response of the human body to stimuli, which is generally manifested as "redness, swelling and heat pain", which can be infectious inflammation caused by pathogens or non-infectious inflammation not caused by pathogens. Anti-inflammatory drugs refer to drugs that can resist these reactions, including steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as glucocorticoid) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen).

In a word, the role of antibiotics is to kill or inhibit specific pathogens, and the role of "anti-inflammatory drugs" is to reduce the inflammatory reaction of the body. The roles of the two are different and the applicable diseases are different.

Having said so much about the dangers of antibiotics, should we regard antibiotics as a scourge and ban their use? Of course not! Since penicillin was discovered in 1928, the contribution of antibiotics to human health is beyond doubt.

According to a report in 2016, there are about 214,000 children under the age of 5 who die from drug-resistant infections every year in the world, but the number of people who die because they can’t get antibiotics is twice this number. Obviously, it is impossible to use antibiotics completely at present.

So, some "smart people" found a middle point by themselves: since it is not good to eat more, I will eat less. The doctor asked me to eat for three days if I ate for five days, and the doctor asked me to eat one if I ate two pills …

Please don’t! This is not treating a disease, but making a culture medium for drug-resistant bacteria. Because the pathogens always follow such a golden rule: those who can’t kill me will eventually make me stronger.

When the dosage and use time of antibiotics are not up to standard, all pathogens cannot be killed, and those who survive can easily evolve the best resistance to this antibiotic and pass on the resistance genes-not only to their offspring through reproduction, but also to other bacteria and others.

Therefore, when using antibiotics, we need to find a balance: use it when necessary, and use it correctly and standardly. For ordinary people, the most important thing is to use antibiotics in a symptomatic, adequate and full course of treatment. As for how to do these three things, it is good to use the medicine strictly according to the doctor’s advice.

In addition, for your own health, you should also supervise people around you to take medicine well.

references

[1] Muhammad H.Zaman. History of drug-resistant bacteria [M]. CITIC Publishing Group, 2021.

[2] Matuszewska M, Murray GGR, Ba X, et al. Stable antibiotic resistance and rapid human adaptation in livestock-associated MRSA. Elife. 2022 Jun 28.

[3] Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022 Oct 1.

[4] Bhullar K, Waglechner N, Pawlowski A, et al. Antibiotic resistance is prevalent in an isolated cave microbiome. PLoS One. 2012.

[5] Clemente JC, Pehrsson EC, Blaser MJ, et al. The microbiome of uncontacted Amerindians. Sci Adv. 2015 Apr 3.

[6] Norman A, Hansen LH, S?rensen SJ. Et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. Conjugative plasmids: vessels of the communal gene pool. 2009 Aug 12.

Author: Purple clothes

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