In real life, when we pay by credit card or Alipay, the bank or Alipay keeps an account for us in the background, and this account book is managed by a centralized institution.

In the blockchain network, the transfer information is kept by miners. Miners collect user-initiated transactions, then package them into blocks and splice them into blockchain.

The process of mining is the process of maintaining the operation of the blockchain network. In order to reward miners for their contribution to maintaining the operation of blockchain network, blockchain system uses Token to reward miners.

Therefore, all the mainstream currencies circulating in the market, such as BTC, ETH, LTC, ZCASH, DASH, XMR, are all generated by mining except for some special contracts.

In other words, miners become producers in digital currency by maintaining the blockchain network. The excavated mine is digital currency, and the mining machine is digital currency’s printing machine. Compared with the sharp rise and fall of digital currency trading market, mining is a relatively safe investment method.

With digital currency’s mining becoming more and more familiar to the public, some projects using "mobile phone mining" activities have gradually begun to attract the attention of all parties.

Compared with the traditional mining machine, mobile phone mining only needs to download an App or DApp, and you can get the "computing power" by signing in or authorizing, so as to get the designated digital currency for mining.

Is this way an advance in science and technology? We can draw a clear conclusion by understanding the basic logic and development history of mining in digital currency.

First, the basic logic of mining

We all know that the incentive mechanism of Bitcoin is POW,Proof Of Work). Under this mechanism, the more workload, the greater the income.

Whoever can guess this random and unique number fastest can be the publicist of information.

The work referred to here is bookkeeping and problem solving. Bookkeeping is to synchronize the data of the whole network and cannot be tampered with. The solution is to "grab" the bookkeeping right through calculation. The algorithm ensures the uniqueness of the calculation results.

The calculation process will consume a lot of calculation power, and the correct result solved by miners every time will be used as the initial condition for the next calculation.

Whoever gets the answer first can use it to generate a new block and broadcast it to the whole network.

Miners who receive the data of this new block will immediately stop the current calculation and re-calculate the next problem with the data in the new block. This process is "mining".

Once the blocks generated by miners are accepted by the whole network, miners can get a certain amount of bitcoin as a reward.

The more people dig mines on a blockchain network, the greater the computing power of the whole network, which also means that the operation of the whole blockchain network has been strongly guaranteed by miners.

II. Brief Introduction to Mining History

On January 3rd, 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto, the father of Bitcoin, dug up the first Block#0 of Bitcoin on a small server and won 50 bitcoin prizes.

For a long time afterwards, mining was just a self-entertainment in a small circle. Between the height of Block 1 and Block 40,000, most of the BTC obtained from mining was never used.

In that "happy" period, everyone could dig up bitcoin by using a home computer. The price of bitcoin at that time was not even enough to cover the electricity bill required for mining activities.

With the increasing influence of Bitcoin, more and more people are mining, and people are constantly trying to mine in new ways.

Laszlo Hanyecz, a Florida programmer, found that mining with graphics card GPU was 800 times faster than that with ordinary CPU, so he dug up a lot of bitcoin. And 10,000 bitcoins were successfully exchanged for two pizzas, so the history of history was named.

The graphics card GPU mining method adopted by Laszlo Hanyecz also made mining enter the GPU era from the CPU era.

In the process of solving problems in mining, a lot of simple and repeated calculations are needed. The CPU contains many useless structures for mining calculation, and the graphics card GPU is naturally suitable for a lot of violent and brainless simple operations.

Just like holding an addition and subtraction operation competition within 10 minutes, CPU is 5 university professors and GPU is 1000 primary school students. When both sides start to calculate addition and subtraction within 10 at the same time, although university professors have higher education than primary school students, it is obvious that 1,000 primary school students can calculate faster than five university professors.

Since then, the way of mining with graphics cards has become more and more common, and all kinds of graphics cards have been snapped up by miners all over the world, resulting in a rush to buy graphics cards since 2012.

The price of graphics cards is completely inapplicable to Moore’s law under the control of miners’ fanaticism and manufacturers’ intention. GPU, a graphics card, has the characteristics of multi-processor and is naturally suitable for a large number of violent operations, which quickly enters the field of vision of professionals.

On September 18th, 2010, the first graphics card mining software was released. The mining ability of a graphics card is equivalent to dozens of CPUs, and the mining ability has been significantly improved.

Soon after, professional mining equipment was quickly manufactured and was called a mining machine. The era of vigorous mining by mining machine has begun.

Since 2013, a large number of professional mining machines, such as Avalon (Pumpkin Machine) and Baked Cat USB, have been listed in China, and the off-the-shelf Avalon ASIC mining machine has successfully enabled hundreds of ordinary miners to achieve a life counterattack.

At that time, a Avalon mining machine could dig out more than 10 bitcoins every day, and at that time, one bitcoin was worth 400 yuan, so every buyer in Avalon could earn back the investment of the mining machine in three days.

The release of professional mining machines completely subverted the bitcoin mining industry, and CPU and GPU became famous overnight in the bitcoin mining industry. It is meaningless to use personal computer to mine, and the era of personal computer mining is over.

The new mining machine with powerful computing power makes the computing power of the whole network soar. According to Satoshi Nakamoto’s design, the difficulty of bitcoin mining can be dynamically adjusted with the computing power of the whole network. The higher the computing power, the more difficult it is to mine.

The mining income depends on the proportion of each miner’s computing power in the whole network. The more mining machines, the greater the computing power, and the smaller the mining income distributed to each miner with the same computing power, so the mining machine has become the product of the miners’ arms race.

With the rising price of bitcoin, the world mining machine market is booming. More and more people are involved in the research and development of mining machines, and the situation of mining machine futures reservation is becoming more and more common.

Bitcoin enthusiasts, whose net name is "Night Cat", successfully developed a 135-nanometer ASIC chip in half a year, but later found that a team had successfully developed a 400-nanometer chip, and the computing power of the whole network soared much faster than expected, which means that the 135-nanometer mining machine was declared dead before it was born.

"Science and technology are the primary productive forces", the famous saying of the great man is vividly reflected in the research and development of mining machines. For miners, a mining machine with great computing power is equivalent to having a printing machine.

In 2014, the computing power of Bitcoin continued to rise. The performance of the chip is approaching the limit of hardware technology, and the mining machine market is becoming more and more stable.

At the end of the era when the computing power advantage was originally obtained through the performance of mining machines, it became more and more difficult for bitcoin individual miners to mine with mining machines, and miners began to accumulate computing power for themselves by accumulating the number of mining machines.

At this time, the power cost has become an important variable cost of mining, so some people began to say that mining is a huge waste of power resources.

If we compare bitcoin with gold, we will find that human beings try their best to extract gold from gold mines, then refine it with cyanide, a highly toxic substance, and finally make it into gold bars, then put it back in the underground vault and spend a lot of money to guard it. Is this whole process a special waste of resources?

We can think about this problem from another angle. A blockchain network that accounts for 0.25% of the world’s power consumption is enough to prove the value and indestructibility of blockchain technology.

Since then, bitcoin mining has gone through five stages: CPU mining, GPU mining, professional mining machine mining, mine mining and cluster mining. The division of different stages is based on the increase of computing power.

-CPU mining stage, the average CPU computing power is 20mhash/s.

-GPU mining stage, the average GPU computing power is 400 mhash/s.

-in the mining stage of FPGA, the average computing power of FPGA is 25 g hash/s.

-ASIC (application-specified TC integrated circuit) mining stage, the average computing power of ASIC is 3.5 thash/s.

-Large-scale cluster mining, consisting of n ASIC mining institutions, with the calculation force of 3.5THash/s multiplied by n..

Third, the algorithm and mining methods

After the bitcoin mining machine matured, the era of personal mining was over.

Other cryptocurrency designers, some in order to allow more users to participate in "mining" through consumer-grade hardware (such as Litecoin), some in order to achieve extreme anonymity (such as Dashi Coin with 11 encryption methods), designed encryption methods different from Bitcoin.

Different encryption methods mean different mining methods. Different encryption algorithms bring different mining methods. Different mining methods will also require different mining machines.

For example, Bitcoin using SHA256 algorithm needs a special ASIC mining machine for mining; Ethereum ETH with Ethash algorithm can use computer GPU to mine; Monroe coins can be mined by computer CPU.

And the encryption method is not static. For example, the encryption method of Ethereum may become a Proof of Stake mechanism, that is, rewards are given according to the number of ethereum held by miners rather than their computing power.

Switching from POW to POS means that ETH cannot be mined. POS is a kind of "Qian Shengqian" income system, in which the person who holds the most Token announces the final information.

The more the balance of Token, the higher the probability that people will get publicity information, and the publicist will also get a certain Token as a reward.

Therefore, digital currency adopting POS consensus mechanism cannot be produced by mining, but this kind of currency can be put into dividend wallet to earn dividend income.

In addition, there are digital currency where POW and POS are mixed, such as DASH, which can be produced by ASIC mining equipment.

Its master node adopts POS mechanism, and the owner of the master node gets rewards for users to verify transactions, store data and provide various services.

Fourth, cloud mining

Mining needs a series of work, such as purchasing mining machines, assembling machines, setting up mining software, and taking into account the cost of electricity and machine maintenance, so there is a certain threshold for participation.

Faced with more users who are unwilling to mine by themselves, professional mining companies and mining pools have launched cloud mining business.

Cloud mining is a form of mining in which users directly purchase computing power from the mine pool. Users of cloud mining buy computing power instead of mining machines, so they don’t have to undertake a series of configuration and maintenance work after purchasing mining machines.

The revenue of user cloud mining comes from the mining share of purchasing computing power. Users only need to log on to the cloud mining platform to check the mining results, without paying any extra workload.

This mining process is simpler and is welcomed by many new users.

Five, mobile phone mining

Because the computing power of mobile phones is almost negligible, in essence, it is more like a marketing activity than a real "mining" in digital currency.

Because the participation threshold is extremely low, all kinds of mobile phone mining software are quickly downloaded and used by millions of users. For example, Netease Planet and Gongxinbao, which have been clearly identified and sealed up.

Gongxinbao previously publicized that users obtained computing power to mine through data authorization. In Gongxinbao DApp, users can create blockchain identities and authorize and manage personal data.

Authorized personal information includes face recognition data, Alipay/Taobao data, Xuexin.com data, telecom operator data, JD.COM data, email credit card billing data, etc. The more authorized information, the more computing power users get, and the more digital currency they can dig.

According to official website, a former Gongxinbao, the process of user authorization to import data is that the user imports the data into the side chain encrypted by the user’s private key. Organizations and individuals, including Gongxinbao, have no ability to view and call user data.

When merchants or other individuals need to query user data, they will send a mobile phone notification. After the user agrees, the other party can find the data and let the user "be the master of his own data".

These mobile phone mining softwares continue to stand out with the fiery concept of blockchain, and various promotion codes occupy the comment space of many blockchain news. Taking advantage of the lack of public cognition, new concepts are constantly thrown out, such as: consensus determines value, the combination of games and advertisements, the combination of computing power and value, and so on.

The current mobile phone mining App and mining income are more similar to a form of integral reward. Advanced projects even have self-built trading web pages, where users can make specific physical exchanges.

What’s more, some digital currency exchanges collaborate to do evil. They sell "options" on the exchanges, and the essence of "options" is the numbers in the exchanges, in order to forge the illusion that these projects are regular blockchain projects.

This kind of project often uses the psychological promise of users to get rich overnight, and the price will skyrocket after "surfing the main network", and users often have the psychology of cashing out at the first time after "surfing the main network". As everyone knows, there is no so-called "main network". Where does the so-called "token" come from?

For many new users, mobile phone mining is probably the starting point of their "mining" career in digital currency. However, these concepts take advantage of the general public’s strangeness to blockchain technology and cheat in the name of "mining".

Some people think that there is no loss in Bai Piao now, and what many project parties want is for users to think so. When these people have this idea, when the "main network" goes online, will they resist the temptation of "little investment and rich return"?

This paper hopes to make many digital pioneers realize that consensus cannot determine value. The consensus of Bitcoin is valuable because of the technical and maintenance costs behind it.

What is the value of the consensus of the masses?

That’s an old saying. Readers who want to invest in digital currency must learn some basic knowledge of blockchain and basic trading principles. Although it may be boring at first, you must believe in yourself. If you are willing to learn, you will be able to learn.

Only by making money within our knowledge can we be in an invincible position in this wave of science and technology.

　　Beijing, Sept. 13 (Reporter Shangguan Yun): "The moonlight is the brightest night in a year, and thousands of people enjoy it together." Mid-Autumn Festival, a festival to celebrate a bumper harvest, symbolizes a happy reunion. Busy people will get together as much as possible on this day, or share a piece of moon cake, or sit around and enjoy the moon.

　　In a sense, Mid-Autumn Festival is not just a holiday, or even a festival. What it infiltrates is Chinese’s long-lasting family ethics and humanistic feelings. What is the Mid-Autumn Festival in your memory?

　　Data map: The moon is round on Mid-Autumn Festival night. China News Service reporter Yan photo

　　Mid-Autumn Festival means warmth and reunion.

　　For wanderers in a foreign land, Mid-Autumn Festival means going home and reuniting. Li Jun is 26 years old and has been in Beijing for three years.

　　Her hometown is in Shanxi. Every Mid-Autumn Festival, Li Jun always plans his trip in advance to ensure that he can get home on time for the holiday. "For Chinese, this is a reunion festival, so I will spend it with my parents.".

　　"On holidays, my dad will buy a bunch of seasonal fruits, especially a big watermelon. Then carve the watermelon into a flower basket shape, add moon cakes and put it on the windowsill ‘ For the moon ’ This is also our local custom. " Li Jun said that the fruit moon cake will be removed after a while and shared by the whole family. The moon cake is a local mixed sugar moon cake, which is delicious.

　　A table of delicious food is inevitable. One of her most impressive family gatherings was last year. "We went to my aunt’s house, and my uncle cooked a lot of hairy crabs and shrimps, and the family ate them while chatting. I will also watch the Mid-Autumn Festival party together, and I feel particularly warm at that time. "

　　“‘ Full moon ’ It is also an important part of the Mid-Autumn Festival. I may be too busy at ordinary times to remember to look up at the moon. Looking at a full moon in the Mid-Autumn Festival night, you will feel that autumn is rich and poetic. " Li Jun concluded that the Mid-Autumn Festival gave her the feeling of "warmth" and "reunion".

　　"Invited Red" condenses the Mid-Autumn Festival flavor in memory.

　　In the eyes of some older people, the Mid-Autumn Festival was once a good opportunity to satisfy their cravings.

　　"Zilaihong" and "Zilaihai" moon cakes. Photo courtesy of respondents

　　"When I was a child, I really looked forward to the Mid-Autumn Festival. Not only is it a family reunion, but it is not rich in materials. You can eat something good during the holidays. " The 60-year-old Zhao Xingli lamented that the Mid-Autumn Festival in that time was equally delicious. "My aunt will bring some candy, and my grandmother will bring some chestnuts and sweet potatoes, which is all my heart."

　　Of course, parents will stew some meat for their children to satisfy their hunger. However, Zhao Xingli said that what impressed me the most was the red moon cakes that my father bought every year. The moon cakes were printed with small animal patterns and smelled fragrant.

　　"After dinner, put a small table in the courtyard, and give male prostitute offerings such as pomegranate grapes. When eating moon cakes, I can’t bear to eat anything like moss crystal sugar, so I have to flush it. " He remembers that adults would teach children to enjoy the moon and said that there were jade rabbits in the moon palace. "At that time, I thought it was true and I would agree that I saw rabbits."

　　Nowadays, life is rich, and there are more and more delicious foods to eat in the Mid-Autumn Festival. However, Zhao Xingli said that during the Mid-Autumn Festival, the old father would still call his children to celebrate the festival and buy homemade red moon cakes every year. He still loved them, "because it embodies the love of his parents and the taste of memories of the times."

　　It used to be a secular carnival festival.

　　No matter sitting around watching the Mid-Autumn Festival party now, or enjoying the moon in Yue Bai in the past, it all embodies the theme of "reunion" in the Mid-Autumn Festival. Among several traditional festivals, such as Spring Festival and Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival came into being at the latest. But it contains many customs, most of which have ancient origins.

　　Data Map: The Mid-Autumn Festival Yue Bai ceremony makes people "travel through time and space" and feel the elegant Mid-Autumn Festival of ancient literati. Photo by Luo Bo

　　It is recorded in Dream Liang Lu that the Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15th, when Sanqiu is just half, is called the Mid-Autumn Festival, because the moonlight on this night is often twice as bright as usual, and it is also called the "moonlit". Literally, it is related to the "moonlit" of the ancient autumnal equinox.

　　Many festivals in China are related to the laws of the moon’s movement. The full moon often gives people a round and full aesthetic feeling. The Mid-Autumn Festival is also called the Moon Festival and the Reunion Festival. The fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month coincides with the crisp autumn, offering sacrifices to the moon and Yue Bai and enjoying the moon … … It is a natural expression of people’s feelings.

　　For example, the Mid-Autumn Festival in Song Dynasty is a secular carnival festival. Before the 15th of August, many shops in the street began to sell newly brewed wine, and people scrambled to climb the stairs to enjoy the moon, drinking and singing. On the Mid-Autumn Night, the routine curfew was also cancelled, the night market was open all night, and there were an endless stream of tourists enjoying the moon.

　　During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the custom of Mid-Autumn Festival became more popular, forming such customs as planting Mid-Autumn Festival trees, lighting tower lanterns, lighting sky lanterns, walking on the moon and dancing dragon. Jiangnan is used to offering vegetarian food for the moon and putting a bowl of cold water next to it. After Yue Bai, women and children dipped their fingers in water and painted them on their eyes, hoping that their eyes would be clear.

　　"In addition, in the past, Mid-Autumn Festival was also the day when shops counted accounts and settled wages for employees." Xiao Fang, a professor at Beijing Normal University and an expert in folklore, explained.

　　Today, it is still the "adjustment" of interpersonal relationships.

　　The custom of Mid-Autumn Festival, which has lasted for a long time, still has positive significance today.

　　Data Map: The moon cakes made by children are very creative. Zhuo Zhongwei photo

　　In Xiao Fang’s view, Yue Bai, moon viewing and reunion celebration are the core of the traditional Mid-Autumn Festival custom, which still meets people’s life needs and spiritual needs.

　　For example, the Mid-Autumn Festival is an opportunity for friends and relatives to express their thoughts to each other, and for noisy urban residents, they can enjoy the pleasure of returning to nature in the bright moon. Xiao Fang said that Yue Bai and the celebration of harvest are all gratitude to nature. "People can’t just focus on practical interests, and they should be grateful at all times."

　　Zhao Xingli lamented that in today’s affluent era, the transportation is convenient, and it is not difficult to get together and eat well. "But the Mid-Autumn Festival is too closely related to the spirit of Chinese, and it has a special symbolic significance in life, which is irreplaceable by our usual holidays."

　　"Festivals are the highlights of daily life. The Mid-Autumn Festival has irreplaceable humanistic psychological value and is also a strong expression of family ethics. " Xiao Fang believes that it still plays a role in regulating interpersonal relationships today. People can give gifts to each other and show concern for each other, so as to slow down the busy pace. "Don’t be in such a hurry in life, don’t forget to reunite with relatives and friends." (Li Jun is a pseudonym) (End)

　　Xinhua News Agency, Lanzhou, December 21st (Reporter Huang Zemin, David Do) A wild giant panda poked its head out of the bushes, waddled in and paced away. The trees continue to shake, and another wild giant panda "appears"! This is a scene monitored by the dynamic monitoring system of giant panda habitat spatial data through "bear face recognition". The reporter recently saw these precious pictures in Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve in Gansu.

　　In the pilot construction of the Giant Panda National Park, the Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve in Gansu Province built a dynamic monitoring system for the spatial data of giant panda habitat in October this year. The system initially set up 6 field video monitoring points. Through these monitoring points, the staff can see the real situation in the forest area without leaving home.

　　 The staff of the Giant Panda Domestication and Breeding Center of Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve Administration in Gansu Province are introducing the newly built dynamic monitoring system of spatial data of giant panda habitat. (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Huang Zemin)

　　According to the fourth national panda survey, there are 110 wild pandas in Baishuijiang Nature Reserve, Gansu Province. It is very difficult to "meet" wild pandas in the vast forest. A few years ago, with the use of monitoring equipment such as infrared cameras, short videos and pictures about wild giant pandas came into public view in large numbers. However, rangers need to replace dry batteries and memory cards for infrared cameras on a quarterly basis, so they often go over mountains and mountains and have a picnic.

　　 On December 13th, patrolman Zhang Xiong (left) and Permit installed an infrared camera. Xinhua News Agency (photo by David Do)

　　Now, the monitoring and protection of wildlife has reached a new level. The reporter saw in the Giant Panda Domestication and Breeding Center in Baishuijiang Nature Reserve, Gansu Province that the monitoring screen occupied the whole wall, and the pictures of six field video monitoring points were clearly visible. He Liwen, director of the Giant Panda Management Office of Gansu Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve Administration, said that after wild animals enter the monitoring area, the system can automatically identify and shoot, and generate folders to store and manage video clips. At present, the panda has the highest system recognition rate.

　　 The images captured by the dynamic monitoring system of giant panda habitat spatial data are displayed on the big screen of the Giant Panda Domestication and Breeding Center of Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve Administration in Gansu Province in real time. (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Huang Zemin)

　　According to the data, the first time the system captured the wild giant panda was at 17 o’clock on November 21.

　　“‘ Bear face recognition ’ It is very similar to the face recognition system, but the former is more difficult. " He Liwen said, "Face recognition only captures facial features. It is impossible for animals to be all positive after they appear, and all kinds of postures will be there." To this end, as early as 2017, the administration began to cooperate with the outside world to train machine recognition accuracy with the help of massive archived photos.

　　 On November 21st, the dynamic monitoring system of giant panda habitat spatial data captured the wild giant panda for the first time. (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Huang Zemin)

　　The reporter followed the forest patrolman of the reserve to hike up the mountain. On the mountainside at an altitude of about 2,500 meters, the reporter saw a field video monitoring point. As soon as people get close, the camera is aimed at them immediately.

　　"In recent years, monitoring equipment has captured more pictures of pandas and their mothers. This shows that the population is relatively stable. " He Liwen said. (End)

　　What is the effect of the "plastic limit order" for ten years?

　　The real answer may only be known by landfills. Documentary director Wang Jiuliang aimed at the plastic products with an average service life of 25 minutes, but it took at least 200 years to degrade.

　　But before it became a garbage mountain, it was a plastic bag with a daily consumption of 3 billion. It is a courier bag with a daily flow of hundreds of millions and travels all over the country; It is a takeaway box that can be built into hundreds of peaks a day and indirectly feed more than 20 million mouths; It is also a "white ocean" in rural areas.

　　Plastic is constantly changing its shape at high temperature, covering every individual in the consumer society. In the past 10 years, when the "Plastic Restriction Order" pushed the concept of "environmental protection is valuable" to the public, science and technology also constantly pursued the environmental protection needs of consumers. Various "environmental protection plastic bags" were put on the shelves, and the methods of screening the specific gravity of plastics and the chemical means of degradation and regeneration became hot environmental protection topics.

　　Few people know whether these projects have really landed and where those "environmentally friendly plastic bags" have gone after being discarded.

　　Ten years have passed, and the plastic wrapped in layers of veil has never been absent. At the beginning of this year, the National Development and Reform Commission invited people from all walks of life to make suggestions on the prevention and control of plastic waste pollution in official website.

　　Efforts to limit plastics are still going on.

　　Environmental protection or business opportunities?

　　In Wang Jiuliang’s shot, the plastic bag is the absolute protagonist of the landfill.

　　On the garbage mountain more than 50 meters high, all valuable things were taken away, only inferior plastic products were left unattended, including an uncountable number of "environmental protection plastic bags".

　　Liu Jianguo, a professor at the Institute of Solid Waste Control and Recycling of Tsinghua University Institute of Environment, is not surprised by the fate of these "environmentally friendly plastic bags". "Environmental plastic bags need strict conditions to degrade, such as temperature, moisture content, specific reactors, etc., which are difficult to degrade in the natural environment." He noticed that the whereabouts of these "environmentally friendly plastic bags" are still mixed with all kinds of garbage, then compressed and weighed, and finally sent to landfills or incinerators.

　　The only difference from ordinary plastic bags is that consumers "spend more money to meet their environmental protection needs".

　　His investigation found that a large number of plastic bags marked with "degradable" signs are actually the products of mixed degradable materials and non-degradable materials. After leaving the factory, it turned into an "environmentally friendly plastic bag" at a higher price, which is a huge business opportunity.

　　"If a degradable plastic bag is stained with oil, it needs to be cleaned with chemical reagents before entering the degradation process. How much does this process cost?" He said.

　　Wang Jiuliang is well aware that the current pace of scientific and technological progress is not unpleasant. Italy develops new technology — — Screening plastics in a pile of garbage by crushing and specific gravity. However, the implementation of these means in China is very difficult.

　　"Our garbage is not classified. What kind of substances are there in those garbage wastewater, how many processes have to go through and how much does it cost?" He said.

　　Wang Jiuliang feels that there are more urgent things to do than pinning his hopes on science and technology — — For example, rationally examine the extent to which plastics have affected the world around them. As far as you can see, there are inferior plastic products that have been reused everywhere, such as the pier supporting the sunshade in the coffee shop, the small pillars used for traffic isolation on the road, and the plastic trash cans that can be seen everywhere.

　　When he returned to his hometown, he found a countryside almost surrounded by plastic. The plastic film that I haven’t heard of since I was a child has now become the "owner" of farmland.

　　"Abandoned mulch films can be found everywhere in fields, ditches, roads, streets and farmers’ courtyards. The old mulch film was not finished, and the new one was laid. " Jiang Gaoming, a researcher at the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, knows very well that the mulch film with a thickness of only 0.004 mm is difficult to completely peel off from the soil. Because it is covered with soil ash and light in weight, the value of mulch film recycling is low, and there is no other way but to burn and put it on hold.

　　Walking on the farmland, if you turn over the soil, it is easy for the naked eye to see the white plastic film broken into pieces intertwined with the clods, like crops growing in the field.

　　He found that the countryside is an almost "unmanaged plastic world". Some environmentalists went to the countryside and ate at their fellow villagers’ homes. Disposable plastic tableware was put on the table. After use, the fellow villagers threw it into the stove, and the speed of plastic bowls and cups disappeared, and then it became an invisible carcinogen dioxin, which was discharged into the air and then circulated to farmland and rivers with precipitation.

　　These inferior plastic products, which were eliminated by cities, flooded into the countryside with the tide of consumption. Because some villages do not have special sanitation personnel and garbage collection systems, plastic products enter rivers or ditches with the help of wind and rain, leaving them in rivers, lakes, seas and farmland mountains.

　　Negative value-added industries

　　Wang Jiuliang’s lens once aimed at a company that recycled mineral water bottles in Japan. This enterprise has a spacious workshop of several hundred square meters with advanced intelligent and numerical control equipment. On the production line, plastic bottles are crushed, cleaned and recycled in turn. In the workshop, Wang Jiuliang couldn’t find sewage or smell the pungent smell.

　　To his surprise, the person in charge of such a "model" enterprise is often troubled by recycling plastic bottles. Japan’s requirements for sewage discharge are too high, and they need to spend a lot of money to meet the standards. "Without government subsidies, we would lose money." The person in charge told Wang Jiuliang that for every ton of waste mineral water bottles purchased by enterprises, the government would subsidize them by 20,000 yen.

　　Even so, they are unable to recycle more kinds of plastic products, "the cost of environmental protection is too high."

　　The camera is aimed at the China garbage disposal plant, but it is a sad picture for Wang Jiuliang. He once spent three years filming a documentary called Plastic Kingdom. The documentary tells about the industrial chain of "foreign garbage" in China — — Some people buy garbage from all over the world from ocean-going cargo ships, sort out recyclable plastics, then rinse and crush them, then heat and melt them, and then cut them into plastic particles for manufacturing.

　　"Japan has to build a factory to deal with a single pollutant, but a small workshop in China can handle all kinds of plastic waste all over the world." He said, "China has the best garbage sorting people in the world. They have no protective measures and advanced technology." During the filming, those dark faces taught Wang Jiuliang the way to distinguish plastic waste all over the world — — Feel, listen to the noise, and then look at the smoke and smell the fire.

　　"They are a group of farmers." He said.

　　A mill the size of a table and two granulators the length of a table can form a small workshop. With the roar of the machine, plastic chips were flying in the air. From Wang Jiuliang’s lens, plastic debris can be seen in every corner of the screen. Turn the camera again, and the sewage may purr into the river without treatment.

　　The only difference between workshops is the size. "You have 10 such machines, and I may only have one."

　　Beyond the lens, more and more plastic wastes that are more difficult to handle are exported to China. In the past 10 years, China’s import of foreign garbage has experienced explosive growth, decline and complete ban this year.

　　"The reason why imports are still profitable is it really beneficial?" Wang Jiuliang couldn’t help but ask, "What is the cost of the environment?"

　　During the three-year shooting time, the camera recorded those visible "costs", and the water in the village was floating with garbage and foam; The sewage after cleaning the plastic flowed into the forest; An old lady accidentally touched corrosive products when sorting, and her whole finger joint was carbonized; The boss of a small workshop felt that there was a tumor on his waist but he didn’t want to see a doctor anyway. "What should I do if I check out the disease?" Life is not over yet? A batch of particles, half a year’s tuition. "

　　The filming of the documentary made Wang Jiuliang realize the truth that "garbage recycling based on environmental friendliness is a negative value-added industry." He made an analogy. If recycling 1 ton of waste living plastics in an environmentally friendly way can generate economic benefits in 100 yuan, the cost to be paid will be at least 101 yuan. "Otherwise, it can’t explain why Japan, which is recognized by the world as the best in garbage sorting and recycling, should provide government subsidies for enterprises to recycle garbage, and it can’t explain why Japanese garbage will still appear in foreign garbage coming to China in Plastic Kingdom."

　　Some environmentalists said, "Landfills and incinerators earn money to consume and treat garbage, not the secondary benefits generated by recycling plastic garbage."

　　In fact, the power generation efficiency of these dry-wet mixed garbage is not high after incineration, and it is possible to discharge toxic substances and produce fly ash and waste residue under the condition of insufficient combustion. But correspondingly, "the cost of recycling plastic products from massive garbage is even greater and more exaggerated."

　　"Environmental protection is often a matter of taking a few evils lightly." Liu Jianguo said that there is a voice in the current society, expecting scientists to find something that can completely replace plastic bags. But in fact, from the whole life cycle calculation, the pollution caused by the resources consumed by both canvas bags and paper bags will not be less.

　　For example, he said that if paper bags are made, they need to go through the process of planting trees, cutting trees, making pulp and making paper, and the cotton planting involved in canvas shopping bags is an industry with high water consumption and high energy consumption. Not only the amount of pesticides and fertilizers used, but also the cost of land resources occupation, transportation, printing and dyeing, circulation, landfill and incineration after abandonment should be considered. "You have only seen it used many times, but you have never thought that once it is handled, the weight of the cloth bag is dozens of times that of the plastic bag, and the space occupied and the handling difficulty are not small."

　　This scholar who studies solid waste has done experiments, and the impact of canvas bags on the environment can be better than that of plastic bags once every 200 times.

　　"The fundamental problem is not to find a substitute for plastic bags. What we really need to do is to examine our consumption behavior." Jiang Gaoming said.

　　Mass production, mass consumption and mass waste.

　　Large areas of plastic greenhouses and plastic films have occupied farmland. According to the data of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, in just 30 years, the use of plastic films has increased by more than 200 times. Jiang Gaoming, who has been studying white pollution in rural areas for more than ten years, found that the butterfly effect caused the appearance of farmland to change greatly, which had a lot to do with the dining table of city people.

　　He said that in order to produce out-of-season vegetables and fruits, a large number of plastic greenhouses were built in rural areas. The purpose of "white ocean" plastic film on cultivated land is to improve soil temperature and humidity, so as to prolong the production season of crops with high economic value and ultimately increase their output.

　　After the plastic film was laid, the yield really increased. But at the same time, the plastic film is difficult to peel off from the soil after use. They stay in the soil for a long time, destroying the soil structure, losing the living space, leaving the nematodes and earthworms one by one, and finally hardening the land.

　　Jiang Gaoming noticed that in order to solve this problem, many people even adopted the method of "membrane in membrane", covering the greenhouse with a membrane and spreading another layer on the ground, in order to prevent water loss, but such a sealed environment would suffocate the microorganisms in the soil alive and eventually evolve into a fragile ecosystem.

　　He saw one sad face after another. Some farmers suffered from crop rot, diseases and other problems. Some cattle and sheep ate peanut seedlings covered with plastic film and were suffocated alive. Jiang Gaoming asked people to turn over the land and clearly saw that the plastic film was wrapped around the seedlings of peanuts, as if it were parasitic on the seedlings. They took the soil back to the laboratory for inspection, and even found the residual plastic film 30 years ago. "It has become a tiny, invisible plastic piece, but it has not disappeared."

　　Most of the plastic films that were too late to be treated were burned, so harmful substances such as hexachlorobenzene, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls entered the air.

　　And where did the crops that were infected and used excessive fertilizers and pesticides go? Jiang Gaoming said, "In the end, they all went to the table of the city people."

　　He thinks all this is ironic. Endless consumer demand controls the flow and changes of the market, but it is finally eaten by it. He once discussed with farmers that he simply removed the reflective film spread all over the orchard and used it less to reduce pollution and waste. But the other party rejected this proposal for a simple reason — — Without reflective film, apples are unevenly colored and sell poorly, so no one will buy them.

　　"Apples are for eating, not for seeing." Jiang Gaoming said.

　　The scholar couldn’t help thinking, "Do we really have such a big consumer demand?" He dislikes the packaging mode of a piece of candy and a piece of plastic paper, publicly criticizes the publishing industry’s behavior of pasting plastic films on books, and also opposes the hotel’s provision of disposable plastic toiletries. "How much waste will this cause?"

　　Liu Jianguo summed up 12 words: "mass production, mass consumption and mass waste".

　　Looking out from the office building of Tsinghua University Institute of Environment, the dense housing and office buildings are constantly compressing the space of the city. Plastic bags, construction waste, electronic waste, scrap steel, tires, glass, and even bike-sharing … … Liu Jianguo felt that the economic growth was too fast, the pace of life was accelerated, people’s consumption patterns changed, demand was stimulated, and a fast market was born. One or two years ago, bike-sharing was the "angel" who solved the last mile problem. In a blink of an eye, it became a garbage mountain in residential areas and parking lots.

　　"Many people don’t think about it, but think that plastic bags are a big problem, so while eating take-out packaged in plastic boxes, they lambaste the evil of plastic. If you really think about it, you will find problems everywhere. " The scholar sighed.

　　The abandoned construction waste landfill site after the demolition and construction was once the object of Wang Jiuliang’s lens capture. He saw many people in a landfill nearly two kilometers wide. During the rush hour, more than 2,000 people shuttled through all kinds of waste pipes, wires, plastics, steel bars and bricks, holding things and running to the shack on the edge of the landfill. That is their temporary residence, and it is also the temporary residence of waste materials. Cranes and trucks will soon take these materials away and send them to the next construction site or factory.

　　In the hot atmosphere, Wang Jiuliang stood in the distance with mixed feelings.

　　When filming Plastic Kingdom, the young documentary director noticed a set of data. From the large-scale import of foreign garbage in 1995 to around 2008, the whole foreign garbage recycling industry reflected a perfect upward curve in economic value. A ton of US$ 9 garbage from the United States can be sold to small workshops at a price of more than 1,000 yuan after crossing the ocean to China. After treatment, the price of a ton of plastic particles even reaches five figures, and the price is "almost catching up with raw materials".

　　"I thought people could be as low as dust, but I didn’t expect to be as low as garbage." At a screening event, a university teacher cried after watching the film.

　　Let enterprises feel pain, and let people feel pain.

　　Many times, Wang Jiuliang felt that he was also caught by the wave of consumerism. He poked his hand at the plastic cup in his hand and asked, "If you don’t provide plastic cups, can’t you drink?"

　　Wang Jiuliang said, how much plastic is produced, how much plastic waste will eventually appear, and the process of continuous reuse will only make the performance of plastic decrease, and eventually it will become truly non-recyclable plastic waste. The only way to avoid the environmental pollution of plastic waste is to reduce the use.

　　In his view, the current scope of the "plastic restriction order" is too narrow, "it should cover more industries." The means need to be adjusted by the government. "Enterprises that produce mineral water bottles have gained benefits. Should they bear the cost of environmental protection? Should people pay for the convenience of plastic bottles? Should the packaging industry be reformed? Do you have to pay taxes when selling plastic bags in supermarkets? "

　　"To make enterprises feel pain, let people feel pain." He said.

　　Liu Jianguo believes that in the past 10 years, the greatest value of the "Plastic Restriction Order" lies not in how many ultra-thin plastic bags are produced, but in the fact that it sends a signal to the society that "resources are valuable and resources need to be used at a cost" by charging for plastic bags.

　　Just, "If one day the price of plastic lunch boxes really rises from 50 cents to 5 yuan, are consumers willing to pay? One day, a recyclable lunch box is really made from recycled waste. Are people willing to use it? " He said that it is impossible to change the situation at once because of rising costs and market volatility.

　　The scholar believes that it is necessary to correct the name of plastics at present. "Materials don’t fall from the sky, plastics are not evil, they are made by human beings."

　　"Plastics should not be demonized, and the evil of plastics should not be confused with the problem of poor management." He said, "Can we keep plastic out of water? Keep it out of the farmland? Poor management of any material will become a problem, not just plastics. "

　　"It can really be done to improve the technology and management level of the whole recycling system and promote garbage sorting." The breakthrough in Liu Jianguo’s eyes is the countryside. "To make something out of nothing, establish a basic recycling system as soon as possible, even a simple landfill."

　　If we can sort the garbage well to reduce the difficulty of treatment, then it is possible to establish a derivative plastic sorting transit center, "at least it will be more valuable than burning a fire directly."

　　But in Jiang Gaoming’s view, there is more to try now.

　　He once heard that in Gansu, which is short of water, an agronomist helped local farmers to develop a double-layer mulch film and spread it on the land, in order to help the arid land lock in water so as to plant more corn. This project won the project, and finally "all parties are satisfied" and "everyone is happy".

　　Jiang Gaoming is not happy at all. "There is something wrong with technology. What you want is to develop another technology to solve it. In fact, it is against the laws of nature to artificially create an environment with the best temperature and humidity to grow corn. " He said, "The source is wrong."

　　Earlier, a Spanish scientist found that 100 wax moths degraded 92 mg of polyethylene within 12 hours. After being compiled by the media, this insect became a "salvation insect" with the ability to digest plastics. As soon as the news came out, Jiang Gaoming was in distress situation. Humans produce hundreds of thousands of tons of polyethylene every day, and let insects eat it. I didn’t know it would take years to eat it. More importantly, the idea of letting insects eat things that are not in nature is still "off the mark".

　　He is always thinking, maybe the natural conditions in some parts of Gansu are not suitable for planting corn, can Chinese herbal medicines be developed and planted? Can we find ways to promote eco-agriculture?

　　Jiang Gaoming knows very well that it is consumers who can really make all this change happen. "The banknotes in the hands of urban consumers are the best votes. Wherever you invest, there will be an industry." He said.

　　What should we do? Be optimistic!

　　Before filming Plastic Kingdom and Garbage Besieged City, Wang Jiuliang was a regular student at Communication University of China. At that time, some "stream of consciousness" wanted to make an exhibition called "Supermarket". "A conceptual thing, the shelves are not filled with new products, but with empty boxes filled with finished milk and plastic buckets filled with ice cream."

　　After the idea came up, he began to carry the machine to the big and small garbage dumps. But there, he found something more important than art The seriousness of the problem of plastic waste is far beyond the young man’s imagination. "There are more urgent things for you to solve."

　　In the face of reality, the metaphysical concept art landed and eventually became a documentary project. He also abandoned the implicit point of view and chose to point to the problem.

　　In the post-production process of Plastic Kingdom, he has been thinking: on the surface, these industries may be the pillars in the local area, supporting countless rural families. However, when the acquisition of individual interests is based on harming the interests of others, it has become a question of right and wrong. "It is necessary to cut down this industry. It is necessary to see more affected people. Who will protect their interests and who will speak out?"

　　He never forgot an old man he met during filming. Because of the treatment of "foreign garbage", the water source of the photographed village was polluted, and the nearby villagers had to go a long way to buy water. One day, Wang Jiuliang met an old lady with rickets at the place where she bought water. The vendor told the old man that a bucket of water was 4 yuan. The old lady was embarrassed to say, "4 yuan, can I owe it first?"

　　Since January this year, the state has completely banned the import of 24 kinds of "foreign garbage" from abroad, cutting down this industry that has been lingering for more than 20 years. Wang Jiuliang saw hope in it. He thought that if the garbage tax is really levied and the reform is promoted from top to bottom, maybe hope lies ahead.

　　Jiang Gaoming thought it was not difficult. He remembers that in the past, the rectification of waste oil and flour brightener at the national level was a cake that moved many people, but it was finally implemented.

　　This time, the gnawing bones became plastic products.

　　"The Queen of England can introspect and ask the royal family to ban the use of plastic straws and plastic bottles. Why can’t we?" He said.

　　At the beginning of this year, Britain promised the public that the British government would implement a 25-year plan to eliminate all avoidable plastic waste pollution by 2042. However, this voice failed to get more support from ordinary people. Many people posted messages on social platforms, "The government has set the time too late, and 2042 is too late. It should take immediate action now."

　　The plastic problem has become a world-class problem. Bangladesh suffered a catastrophic flood, and people were surprised to find that plastic bags turned out to be the primary cause of drainage system blockage. Countless blue-footed boobies are also losing their homes, and plastic garbage has become the new owner of the beach in Roberto Terra, Peru. Statistics show that these plastic wastes cause the death of hundreds of thousands of marine animals every year.

　　British Prime Minister Theresa May said, "One out of every three fish caught in the English Channel contains plastic fragments." At the beginning of this year, scientists found that plastic particles invisible to the naked eye appeared in the surface seawater of Antarctica, and the content was even higher than the average level in the ocean.

　　Bangladesh became the first country in the world to ban plastic bags in 2002. According to the law, those who import or sell plastic bags can be sentenced to up to 10 years in prison, while those who distribute plastic bags can be sentenced to 6 months in prison. Nowadays, only cloth bags and paper bags are sold in supermarkets in this country.

　　Wang Jiuliang toured the world with films, and many young viewers could not help asking Wang Jiuliang, "What should we do?"

　　He is not going to answer these questions. Wang Jiuliang hopes that these young people who care about environmental protection will find the answers themselves.

　　Some young people also asked him if he would be particularly pessimistic if he photographed garbage for so long. Wang Jiuliang smiled, "when you still insist on doing it, it means that the heart that wants to change has not changed. Be optimistic, even if we can’t, there are children. "

　　In recent years, to his surprise, there have been many groups concerned about garbage recycling in the private sector, appearing like dots on the map, looking for the possibility of solving problems.

　　In Wuxi, a group of doctors and college students are concerned about the recycling of medical waste such as used syringes. They visited all the major hospitals in Wuxi and persuaded each other to accept their proposal — — Distribute special sharp weapon boxes to every patient who needs to use syringes at home. This box is specially used for placing used syringes, and patients can return them to the recycling station set up by the hospital after use, thus avoiding the syringes from being directly thrown into the trash can. Later, they ran to hospitals in Suzhou and Shanghai.

　　This undertaking is still in progress.

　　The person in charge of the green packaging project of Jingdong Logistics is also frank. The amount of plastic express bags is huge, and disposable packaging has great advantages in cost. At present, it still occupies the mainstream in the express delivery industry. "It is difficult to implement recycling express packaging at the end of the community. The packaging recycling system and social infrastructure are not perfect, and there is also a lack of laws and regulations to support recycling enterprises to recycle."

　　At present, Jingdong Logistics is promoting the use of circulating express boxes — — The green box is made of PP material, which can be recycled for many times. After being damaged, it can be rebuilt into a new box, which does no harm to the environment and can replace disposable cartons. They hope to "cooperate with all social resources to form a relatively complete industrial chain and fully implement green recycling packaging."

　　Liu Jianguo said that many problems in China, including the problem of plastic bags, focus on the ultra-high-speed economic development. Many developed countries have taken hundreds of years to solve these problems step by step, while China needs to solve them in 20 years or even less. He hopes that the people can give more support and understanding, and at the same time, they can look at their consumption behavior more comprehensively and rationally and reflect on their consumption needs from their own perspective.

　　"In fact, human beings have taken a detour." Jiang Gaoming said that the problems in the development process are not terrible, and it is good to correct them in time. He even hopes that the use, abuse, restriction, reflection and future of plastic bags can be recorded, written into textbooks and become a mirror in history forever.

　　Qingming Bridge Ancient Canal Historical Block, Canal Bund Leisure Block, Bodu River Cultural Park … … Among the newly released iconic cultural tourism products of "Hundred Scenes of the Canal", Wuxi was selected with 12 scenes, which is the largest number among the eight cities along the Grand Canal in the province. Along the canal, the scenery is good all the way.

　　Over the years, Wuxi people have clearly realized that protecting and developing ecological and cultural landscapes along the route and inheriting and utilizing historical and cultural heritage resources are the only way to promote the innovative development of canal culture. At the site report meeting of Liangxi River and Grand Canal held on August 14th this year, Wuxi officially promoted the renovation of Liangxi River and Wuxi section of the Grand Canal as the "No.1 Project" of Wuxi’s "Beautiful Rivers and Lakes" action, and clearly established the ecological "base" for the construction of the Grand Canal cultural belt through comprehensive water system management, ecological protection and restoration, and environmental construction along the river.

　　Scientific planning to promote the upgrading and transformation from "geographical space" to "urban comprehensive space"

　　"The construction of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt is a systematic project, building a sound governance system, stimulating and improving governance capabilities, and achieving overall development on the basis of scientific planning." Xie Guangqian, an expert on canal culture research, said that the Grand Canal cultural belt should be taken as the axis to build an interconnected ecological circle, living circle, cultural circle and economic circle, and realize the transformation from "geographical space" to "urban comprehensive space".

　　Protect the canal and plan first. Wuxi, as an important symbolic city in the construction of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt, has carefully cared for the memory of the Canal in recent years through the promotion of planning, ecology and culture. In combination with the Tenth Five-Year Plan, Wuxi has issued the Implementation Plan for the Cultural Protection, Inheritance and Utilization of the Grand Canal in Wuxi, and combined with the revision of the land and space planning, it has improved the Heritage Protection Plan of the Grand Canal (Wuxi Section) (2010-2030) and the Urban Design along the Scenic Belt of the Ancient Canal in Wuxi. With all kinds of related plans of Wuxi section of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt coming out one after another, the ideas and realization paths of Wuxi in building cultural belt, ecological belt and tourist belt are gradually clear.

　　Water fluctuates and culture prospers. Since ancient times, canals have been closely linked with urban development. "In dealing with the relationship between historical and cultural heritage protection and urban modernization, we should reflect." When reviewing the development of the Grand Canal in Wuxi, Fu Yaonan, a scholar of Wuxi literature and history, said that how to present the individual symbols of the Wuxi section of the Canal and how to reproduce the dock culture representing the Canal need to be considered as a whole in the new round of the construction of the Grand Canal cultural belt.

　　Some suggestions and opinions of experts are expected to be adopted and integrated into the planning. On August 12, Wuxi held a plenary meeting of the leading group for the construction of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt, which put forward a higher standard for the construction of the Wuxi section of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt — — Using strategic thinking and systematic thinking, we should combine the construction of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt with the implementation of the new development concept, the construction of a new development pattern and the promotion of high-quality development, and make high-level planning and high-standard promotion in the overall situation.

　　Subsequently, the plates along the canal, such as Liangxi District, Huishan District and Xinwu District, were "key points" for the planning and protection of the Grand Canal cultural belt within their jurisdiction: Huishan District, around Huishan section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, carried out the environmental improvement of important nodes such as Xixi Bridge and Luoshe Bridge according to the requirement of 10 meters of river management scope line, and accelerated the construction of Jiangnan Canal theme park; Liangxi District reviewed and approved the Key Points of the Construction of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt and National Cultural Park in Liangxi District in 2021, which will further integrate resources and close them into a ring, speed up the connection between the Grand Canal and the ancient canal, and realize the complementary functions of the "two rivers"; Xinwu District invited Wu Zhiqiang, an academician of China Academy of Engineering, to participate in on-the-spot investigation and planning to explore the theoretical basis of planning.

　　Green development, creating a beautiful canal home with clear water and green shore.

　　"The canal is long, full of green, egrets are flying or resting by the river." Such a canal scene is the expectation of residents and tourists. However, the problems of water environmental pollution such as industrial sewage, agricultural sewage, domestic sewage and shipping dangerous goods pollution along the Grand Canal still exist. Along the Wuxi Canal, there are many hard revetments, and the self-purification ability of water quality is limited, and the function of filtering, purifying and protecting biodiversity in the coastal buffer zone is weak.

　　To this end, Wuxi City regards the renovation of the Liangxi River and the Wuxi section of the Grand Canal as the "No.1 Project" of this year’s "Beautiful Rivers and Lakes" action.

　　"Only when the connection between the canal water body and the Yangtze River, Taihu Lake and urban rivers is strengthened and the water quality is improved as a whole, can we build a new pattern of green development of Wuxi river and lake network." The Implementation Plan for the Cultural Protection, Inheritance and Utilization of the Grand Canal in Wuxi City mentions that by 2025, the ecological protection pattern of the Wuxi section of the Grand Canal will be fully formed, and the green landscape with clear waters and banks along the line will take shape initially. Wuxi will build a green and livable canal city and a green canal park with clear waters and banks.

　　In the view of Wan Jiannong, director of Liangxi District Water Conservancy Bureau, to build a "beautiful canal home with intensive and efficient production space, green and livable living space and green ecological space", it is necessary to improve the water quality, improve the environment along the line and break the water system. He introduced that Liangxi is comprehensively renovating 22 canals in its jurisdiction according to Class III water quality standards. According to the "one river and one policy", the governance objectives are clearly defined, and more innovative means and the "black technology" of comprehensive governance will be used in these branches. In Lucun River, a branch of the Grand Canal, we saw the pilot project of introducing new water treatment technology, and two large-scale high-efficiency ion clarification experimental equipment appeared on the river bank. "The river water has been purified to improve the transparency and oxygen content of the whole river." The staff introduced that through the comprehensive purification of the water quality in the branch, a healthier system environment was created for the water quality of the canal.

　　"I am most looking forward to more fitness runways along the canal." Xiao Zhu, an urban fun run enthusiast, spoke out the voices of everyone. Combining the creation of cultural landscape with ecological management is the focus of the construction of ecological green corridor in Wuxi section of the Grand Canal. A number of riverside natural water ecosystem wetland parks will appear: Beijian Park, which is being planned and constructed in Liangxi District, will be a leisure space surrounded by water, with green plants everywhere and complete trails and landscapes. Huishan District invited Tongji University, Zhongtian Design and relevant departments to speed up the preparation of the plan and realize the three links of "walking lane, cycling lane and running lane" along the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal.

　　Cultural guidance, creating a new business card of canal culture with creativity

　　From Qingming Bridge Ancient Canal Historical Block to Huishan Ancient Town Canal Leisure Morning Tea, from Liang Hong National Wetland Park to Yixing Baita Village … … From these freshly baked "Hundred Scenes of the Canal", it is not difficult to find that Wuxi is integrating the bustling scenes of the markets along the Grand Canal and the living customs of the citizens on the basis of the world cultural heritage of the Grand Canal, and creating a unique cultural tourism boutique with the label of "Canal".

　　The Grand Canal in the new era has become an important spatial axis of Wuxi’s urban development. In order to build a cultural belt that inherits the past and promotes the present, Wuxi has laid out "two parks, three belts and fifteen points" to show the unique elegance of the canal in an all-round and three-dimensional way. "We must profoundly grasp the historical value and spatial texture of the cultural heritage of the Wuxi section of the Grand Canal, fully tap the cultural connotations of Wu culture, Jiangnan culture, industrial and commercial culture along the Grand Canal, and make the Grand Canal culture a remarkable cultural symbol of Wuxi." Tang Keke, an expert in literature and history, said. "Wuxi is an innovative city. Only by doing a good job of integration can we realize the personality and characteristics of the construction of Wuxi Canal Cultural Belt." According to Wang Jian, a canal expert of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt Construction Research Institute, there are cultural heritages such as historical and cultural buildings, ancient sites and celebrities’ former residences on both sides of the Wuxi section of the Grand Canal. It is a project that needs to be continuously promoted to sort out and excavate the culture.

　　It is understood that with the Grand Canal National Cultural Park as the link, Wuxi will carry out the revision of the master plan for the protection of large sites, adhere to the combination of the protection of large sites with the construction of site parks and museums, and build a model for the protection and utilization of large sites based on the construction of Hongshan National Archaeological Site Park and He Lv National Archaeological Site Park. At the same time, the exhibition mode of "internet plus Grand Canal Heritage" will be innovated, and the Grand Canal Comprehensive Museum Group and the non-genetic inheritor training base along the Grand Canal will be combined with the scenic spots along the route to polish the "Canal Card" for the integration of literature and tourism.

　　In the opinion of experts, Wuxi can also make overall use of the Wuxi Grand Canal Cultural Tourism Development Fund and other special funds, try first, promote the implementation of a number of Grand Canal cultural protection and inheritance projects, and accelerate the construction and development of the Grand Canal cultural belt.

It’s a very substitutive movie, which is easily reminiscent of Hollywood in the past few years, but it’s a science fiction film. Space Rescue is based on the true story of Salute 7 of the former Soviet space station in 1985. Science fiction films are often about imagining the future, while this film is about looking back at history. Over the past 30 years, when we look back at this space rescue with more advanced technology, we will not feel outdated at all, and even have the illusion of science fiction films.

Stills of Space Rescue

The visual experience of the film is wonderful, but the task of space rescue itself is not wonderful. On the premise that the ground simulation docking tests failed, two former Soviet astronauts hurriedly bid farewell to their families and set foot on the road. No one knows what difficulties and dangers they will face in space. Because the space station was completely lost, the celestial behemoth rotated and flipped, and did not provide astronauts with a sector for docking the spacecraft. Moreover, the space station is out of control, and the previous two-way docking has become one-way forced docking, and the failure rate of simulated docking on the ground is 100%.

　

With my limited knowledge, I know that the danger of astronauts is far more than that. Even if the docking is lucky, in the face of the unknown cabin failure of the space station, it is likely to kill the astronauts as soon as they open the door; The cold caused by the failure of the power system of the space station is not that astronauts can carry the top by adding a pair of autumn trousers to their spacesuits; The ubiquitous water droplets after thawing make the risk of short circuit ubiquitous, and a small spark may kill astronauts in the sea of fire. In fact, every astronaut’s lift-off is an adventure that challenges life, and the tragedy of turning into a ray of fireworks as soon as it is lifted off is not unheard of.

　

Knowing that you can’t do it, this is the special temperament brought by Russian nationality to this story, which also makes this story different from Hollywood routines. If they were Americans, they would have been scared to retreat, but the Soviets took off ahead of time with zero success rate of ground simulation. Of course, this is also a concrete manifestation of the political correctness of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In order to maintain an advantage in this battle for hegemony with space science and technology as the carrier, the Soviets will never allow their space station achievements to be taken away by the Americans, and they will throw caution to the wind as soon as they grind their teeth and stamp their feet.

Stills of Space Rescue

Because of the documentary background and the cooperation and conflict between heaven and earth, the story of "Space Rescue" is more full than before. Although many people have been familiar with how the Soviets saved the day this time from the history of human space, it is the first time to substitute from the perspective of astronauts. The unknown dangers of astronauts at every step and the emergency response still make this story exude a fascinating charm.

　

Russians have always been known for their extensiveness and fearlessness. "One person can tear a bear by hand." This is evident in the fact that astronauts took the risk of completing docking without waiting for ground instructions. The fearlessness of the fighting nation is inevitable, but I didn’t expect the Russians to do quite well in the details of the film. The scene after the ice water in the space station was well handled, and on the basis of scientific restoration, it created an illusion unique to some fantasy movies.

Stills of Space Rescue

The nationality of the Russians is also reflected in the scene where two astronauts who were feverish with cold asked the sky for wine. The dripping wine and the daily dialogue were handled with great interest. You know, the Soviet Union banned alcohol at that time, but their astronauts were famous for sneaking alcohol into space. In Gravity in 2015, the little wine that sandra bullock and George Rooney drank on the International Space Station was the Russian possession.

Stills of Gravity

At the same time, the film’s philosophical discussion does not lose the Russian national heritage. In particular, the stowaway cockroach Xiaoqiang, if on earth, can’t escape humble death, but in outer space, it is of great significance. He has become a compatriot of the earth in the astronaut’s mouth and the third astronaut in the space station. This cut-and-run scene was handled meaningfully by the Russians. There are also two angel sightings in the film, and the director uses blue light to stop. This is not only the connection of the real experience of astronauts in the former Soviet Union, but also our awe and imagination of the universe, showing the greatness and smallness of mankind.

　

The grand narrative and details of the film are very good. The story begins with the Soviet Union’s rescue of its salute No.7 space station. As a result, two rescuers became the targets of rescue. After Gravity, Space Rescue once again successfully brought our vision to the magical outer space, and this time we learned more about science, including the tension of desperate survival and HTC narrative, as well as the curiosity of details. The two great astronauts not only completed a series of impossible tasks, but also opened the key to space science for us step by step.

　

The same is the excavation of deep space theme. Russian’s Space Rescue and American’s Gravity have many similarities and differences. For example, in the beginning, the work location of the space station was linked to the earth background, and the astronauts chatted, all of which talked about the relationship between men and women and the concern for their wives when they flew over their hometown. The difference is that Soviet astronauts have a good wife to warm their beds when they come home, while Americans’ eager wives take away their belongings and run away with other men. This seems to be a joke, but in fact it reveals the loneliness behind the aerospace industry, which is not tolerated by ordinary people and ordinary families.

Gravitation poster

The output of Russian films can’t compare with Hollywood, but the efficiency of their Space Rescue can make Hollywood blockbusters feel ashamed. The American Gravity cost 150 million yuan, and the other Mars Rescue mouse cost 180 million yuan. It is said that the Russian Space Rescue investment is only 40 million rubles. A ruble is exchanged for 10 yuan, but it is more than 4 million yuan, equivalent to more than 700 thousand dollars, but it has achieved the effect of not losing Hollywood vision at all.

　

Russians may save money in many ways. As far as I know, they moved out of the space station and filmed in the space station cabin, which not only saved the cost of landscaping, but also restored the details of the space station to the maximum extent. After the end of the Cold War, especially after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia’s pace in space slowed down and became less mysterious. It is said that this time, China fans will have the opportunity to visit Russia on the spot and experience the excitement of supersonic speed at an altitude of 20,000 meters. It can be seen that the once brilliant and mysterious Russian aerospace has been opened to the people.

　

In fact, what should be compared with Space Rescue is not the Gravity of Hollywood, but another American film. On the same documentary background, this story led by Tom Hanks in 1995 was adapted from another real adventure in American space history. On April 11, 1970, Apollo 13 was launched, which was the seventh mission of American Apollo program and the third mission of human landing on the moon. Unexpectedly, the service module exploded the day after launch, which severely damaged Apollo 13.

　

Apollo 13 stills

It is completely different from the plight of the Soviet space station in 1985, because there were no astronauts on Salute 7 at that time, and the most loss was a pile of scrap iron and the defeat of the Cold War. As for sending astronauts to take risks in maintenance, there were many sacrifices to achieve personal integrity. However, the situation of Apollo 13 is very different. There are three astronauts on board. The scientific mission can be shelved and the spacecraft can be abandoned. The rescue of the three astronauts has become the top priority. Tens of thousands of scientists and engineers spontaneously gathered together to participate in the rescue of heaven and earth, and finally overcome all difficulties, resulting in the return of three heroes to the earth.

　

However, after all, these films are adapted from documentary background, which are melodramas, not documentaries. They are based on historical facts and are not equal to historical facts. Space Rescue has made some compromises and changes to historical facts for its narrative tension. For example, it created the illusion that Americans might steal their space station. In fact, the American Challenger was launched before the Soviet astronauts took off, and the salute No.7 was not moved, so there would be no encounter between the astronauts of the two countries and appreciate each other.

Stills of Space Rescue

For example, stealing wine from the space station is a small taste of Soviet astronauts, but smoking is absolutely impossible, and the state of lighting and smoke in space is not the way in the film. In addition, the fire on the space station was invented by the screenwriter and did not happen at that time. Moreover, the tasks of the two astronauts in those years were far more than those shown in the movie. One of them worked continuously on the space station for 110 days, and the other insisted on working for 169 days before returning. Although the film is embellished, the real space flight is far greater than the film presentation.

Salute 7 and two former Soviet astronauts in Space Rescue are lucky, and the three American astronauts in Apollo 13 are also lucky, but not every space disaster is lucky. The American Challenger spacecraft appeared in Space Rescue. When it performed its mission on January 28 of the following year, it lifted off for 73 seconds like fireworks, and took away the lives of seven astronauts.

Data map of the American Challenger spacecraft crash

Later, the first space station that humans can live in for a long time, that is, the Russian Mir space station, was also "unable to rescue" because of frequent accidents, and finally crashed on March 23, 2001 by braking and igniting.

Mir space data map

"Space Rescue" was released in Russia, which broke the Russian box office record in the first week, which shows the preference of Russians for this film. We can’t expect "Space Rescue" to explode in the China market like Indian movies, but at least it has brought us different anti-Hollywood narratives, enriched our market shelves and provided us with a brand-new space vision.

　

At the same time, Space Rescue is of great significance to us. For example, how to achieve Hollywood industrial vision at less cost; For example, how to make the adaptation of real events conform to the aesthetic and narrative of movies; For example, let the past scientific dedication sharpen the efforts and cohesion of young people. Our sci-fi creation is still in its infancy, and we have a lot to learn.

　

Compared with the slow pace of Russian space flight in recent years, our progress in the space field is obvious to all. We successfully launched our own manned spacecraft, established our own space station, and launched a new round of human moon landing program and Mars exploration program. Regrettably, our related sci-fi film and television creation failed to keep pace with our science and technology and keep pace with the times.

　

In fact, in Europe and America, many sci-fi creations will even lead the development of science and technology, such as video chat in A Space Odyssey, anti-gravity flying motorcycles in the movies, touch screens and holograms in Future Report, and tablet computers in the movies, all of which have come into our real life, and our self-developed driverless cars have also been tested on the road. To some extent, sci-fi creation is also an advanced productive force, which can not be ignored or absent.

Special feature of 1905 film network Under the blessing of new and old films, the cumulative box office of the summer file in 2023 exceeded 20 billion yuan, and there is no suspense. The new director has contributed a lot.

This summer, the newcomer directed a live-action movie, preceded by "She Disappeared", which set off the first wave of watching movies in the summer file; Later, there was "Put All Your Eggs on the Buckle" to help the box office hit a new high. Between the two films, the box office and word-of-mouth of "octagonal cage" Qi Fei. The new face of the animated film director brought two masterpieces, Three Wan Li in Chang ‘an and Tea No.2 Middle School.

"After a period of continuous exploration, a large number of young creators and practitioners who have a clear understanding of the film industry have emerged in the film market, and they will play an important role in promoting the sustainable development of China’s film industrialization." When interviewed by the media, Zhifina, a professor at the China Academy of Art, once said so. These "fresh blood" of China film market make people see more development possibilities of domestic films.

Summer file: a box office blessing for new directors

According to the mainstream cognition in the industry, a director who has made no more than three feature films can be called a newcomer director. They are a new force for the development of China films.

In recent years, the summer file has become a box office blessing for new directors. Jason Wu, Muye Wen, Wang Baoqiang, jiaozi and a number of other newcomers have made famous films, all of which were born here.

This is because the "price" of the summer ticket for the mainland film market is relatively reasonable. The industry rumor that "don’t enter the Spring Festival file without 100 million publicity fees" is enough to prove how expensive the tickets for the Spring Festival file are. However, the publicity expenses starting from 100 million yuan are often the upper limit of the production cost of many new directors’ works.

From the perspective of capital, most of the big productions that can get tickets for Spring Festival and National Day will not be given to new directors. Because there are too many uncertain factors in the market awareness and quality control ability of new directors, well-known and mature directors are the first choice for employers.

In the summer of 2023, the production cost of the new director’s explosive works "Disappeared She" and "Put All Your Eggs on One Egg" is at most medium in the industry. Wu Ershan’s "Feng Shen I" is well-dressed, and its production cost is far ahead of both.

In addition, the long span of the summer file also leaves enough time for the word-of-mouth fermentation of the new director’s works. Wang Baoqiang’s "The Octagonal Cage" was not favored by the capital at the beginning of its production, and its early screening was mediocre. However, with the large-scale and long-term continuous screening of the film, when it was officially released, the single-day box office of the film appeared many times with high-quality word of mouth.

For the new director of animated film, the box office bonus ability of summer file is beyond the reach of other golden files. During the summer vacation, students, one of the mainstream moviegoers, are on holiday, have enough time to watch movies, and there is a strong demand for watching movies from parent-child groups. This is also one of the important reasons for the frequent explosion of animated films in summer files.

In addition, the summer file is more inclusive. No matter what type and theme of big-screen works, you can find your own audience. This is also conducive to the box office performance of the new director’s works with strong author style.

For example, half of the TOP10 domestic documentary films were released in summer. Among them, Guo Ke’s novel Twenty-two is the most famous. In the summer of 2017, the national screening rate of the film was less than 2% on the premiere day. With the voluntary publicity and support of "tap water", the highest rate of film scheduling in a single day rose to 16.7%.

In addition to the summer file, the Lunar New Year file with the second longest time span has also produced many new directors’ explosive works. For example, manslaughter 1 directed by Sam Quah, Unexpectedly directed by Xiaoxing Yi, Bath Buddy, etc. It can be seen that the more time the schedule is, the more likely it is that the new director’s works will enjoy the box office bonus.

How do new directors fight for summer files?

According to statistics, in the summer of 2023, the number of new directors’ works reached more than ten, and the cumulative box office broke 10 billion yuan. The director’s feature-length debut films released in the middle and late August include I Through the Storm directed by Qin Haiyan, Learning Dad directed by Su Liang and The Last Truth directed by Li Taige.

Through combing, it can be found that in the works directed by newcomers in the summer of 2023, works based on real events are more likely to explode. This phenomenon was not uncommon before this.

In the summer of 2018, Muye Wen’s first big-screen work, Dying to Survive, was adapted from the real life experience of a leukemia patient in China. In the end, the cumulative box office of the film reached 3.1 billion yuan, which also promoted the creative upsurge of realistic works in the market since then. The event of life, which was released in the summer of 2021, won both box office and word of mouth. This film is also the first film directed by Liu Jiangjiang.

Why do the realistic works directed by newcomers in the summer file stand out easily?

For many new directors, it is easier to tell a good story because the first film is often related to real life experiences. For example, in The Event of Life, which discusses life and death, director Liu Jiangjiang has two relatives and friends engaged in the funeral industry related to the theme of the story.

Even if there is no relevant life experience, the relevant cases in reality can provide inspiration and material for the director’s creation, making the story more solid and credible. For example, during the script writing stage of "Put all your eggs in one basket", the Olympic bid and the team interviewed many victims of online fraud, victims who were abducted overseas to participate in online fraud, and a large number of anti-fraud police and relevant technical personnel of the public security department who fought in the front line.

In addition, the works with realistic themes can arouse the discussion of social topics related to this theme and make the film information spread across circles. Rui Cui admits that the social value of the film brings more attention, "including emotional relationships, including staying away from gambling, including life choices, etc., which we hope to make the audience feel. In addition to deep empathy, there are many viewers on the Internet who do second creation based on concepts, and then have a lot of their own thinking and discussion."

Of course, the "mentoring" of the predecessors in the industry is also the escort of the new director’s work achievements. Chen Sicheng, as the producer of The Disappeared She, provided many suggestions and ideas for the filming. The bid for the Olympic Games is the signing director of the "Bad Monkey 72 Change Movie Plan" initiated by Ning Hao Company.

In terms of film types, comedies directed by new directors are also easy to become summer explosions.

For example, The Richest Man in Xihong directed by Yan Fei and Peng Damo, and monster hunt directed by Xu Chengyi. Of course, there are cases in which new directors make their mark through comedies in all major prime files. This is because comedy has just been needed by the domestic film market and has a huge audience base.

Looking back at the summer file in 2023, surprises and accidents coexist. In the future, the market and audience expect to see more excellent works directed by newcomers.

In 1960, China was in a difficult period for three years, and hunger threatened everyone. At that time, the Fifth Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense had just been established. Due to lack of materials and malnutrition, the physical fitness of scientific and technological personnel declined, and 70% of people suffered from edema, and some people also suffered from night blindness.

At this time, Sino-Soviet relations have already seen a huge rift. Soviet leader Khrushchev, who was invited to China to attend the National Day ceremony, told Mao Zedong: "The Soviet Union cannot provide atomic energy technology to China." On July 16, 1960, the Soviet Union suspended its aid project to China and withdrew all its experts in China.

Liu Zhanyi, who just graduated from the Physics Department of Peking University that year (later served as 25 senior engineers in the Second Academy of China Aerospace Science and Technology), recalled the scene at that time: all the scientific and technical personnel involved in the development of the model were holding their breath.

On September 18th, 1962, the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense appointed Sara (who was originally the director of the Dongfeng II model design committee) as the chief designer of Dongfeng II missile, and Qian Wen was the chief designer of the code-named "543" missile (Hongqi I missile).

On October 11th, Vice Premier Nie Rongzhen made it clear again after listening to the report from the leaders of the Fifth Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense: Dongfeng II is the key point, and it should be built during the third five-year plan period, with ground test first and then flight test; We should attach importance to the imitation of "543" and pay close attention to the data collation of this model.

The cohesion and creativity of the Chinese nation once again shine the most brilliant brilliance at the most critical moment.

The scenes of researchers working hard day and night are like movie clips, and every frame is precious. Scientists continue to struggle and innovate independently, constantly pushing the space industry to a new peak.

"Black Cat" Attacks

Since March, 1958, the high-altitude reconnaissance flying team in Taiwan Province area, code-named "Black Cat Squadron", has frequently flown to the mainland for high-altitude reconnaissance. They used the U-2 reconnaissance plane made in the United States, which was specially equipped with a B-type camera for high-altitude reconnaissance to capture information and take photos.

Anti-aircraft guns and fighters can do nothing to combat the arrogance of the "Black Cat Squadron", and anti-aircraft missiles must be used.

In 1960, the research on China’s surface-to-air missile weapon system was just in its infancy. At that time, only more than 50 surface-to-air missiles with code name "543" (C-75) were introduced from the Soviet Union.

After the Soviet Union withdrew its experts and stopped providing aid, Nie Rongzhen pointed out that it was necessary to give full play to the enthusiasm of China experts and rely on China’s own technical strength to copy "543".

According to Nie Rongzhen’s instructions, relying on and giving full play to the role of China’s own experts, the astronauts put forward the slogan of "learning C-75, thoroughly understanding C-75 and imitating’ 543’" to speed up the pace of imitation.

In September 1961, the Second Branch concentrated a scientific and technological team including experts from Qian Wen, Cai Jintao, Wu Shuoping, Huang Weilu, Liang Sili, Zhang Lvqian, Chen Huaijin, etc., and strengthened the imitation power of the C-75 surface-to-air missile.

With the progress of imitation work, "543" gradually entered the outfield for flight shooting test. In 1963, the flight test of two model bombs was successfully carried out for the first time, and in 1964, the target test of combat bombs was carried out in the whole weapon system. As a result, the fuze did not lead the warhead when hitting the entity drone.

Through a large number of experiments and analysis, the designer successfully shot down the drone in the second test after taking corresponding technical measures for the fuze and the drone, and realized the finalization of the imitation missile. Since then, the missile named "Red Flag No.1" has been produced and equipped with troops.

Hongqi-1 missile

There has been a new breakthrough in imitation

The imitation process is very hard, just like crossing the river by feeling the stones. When copying the "543" missile, the astronauts overcame a series of technical difficulties and made many new achievements on their own.

Liu Zhanyi was working on a group of ground-based radars. With the help of Soviet experts, Liu Zhanyi, who majored in radio physics, quickly completed the reverse design of the command antenna.

Then, Liu Zhanyi’s group successfully completed the reverse design of the electrical size and parameters of the tracking and guidance antenna, but suddenly encountered a problem when calculating one of the numbers of the scanner.

The purpose of reverse design is to find out the design structure of the missile, the performance of materials and parts, and prepare for the next imitation. "Calculus and geometry learned at school are far from enough." Liu Zhanyi and his colleagues gritted their teeth, worked overtime and studied hard every day. After self-learning a book of more than 800 pages of Intrinsic Geometry of Convex Surfaces, they finally got the calculation results.

At the moment, everyone has a common belief: master missile technology as soon as possible and complete the tasks assigned by the state quickly and well.

The imitation work is going on at full speed. At the same time, in 1960, Tang Jingzhi (later 23 senior engineers in the Second Institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology) undertook the imitation design of the display of the "543" missile display command vehicle.

He recalled: "Once the U-2 reconnaissance plane appeared again, the’ black cat’ turned around and flew away before our missile radar was turned on and powered on. After discussion at that time, it was agreed that the U-2 reconnaissance plane must have installed a new electronic reconnaissance system, so it could receive the signal that the ground missile radar was turned on. "

In order to cover up the frequency of electrical scanning, 23 technical teams decided to install an irradiation antenna on Hongqi-1 to search for the target and initially track and lock the target, then turn on the scanning antenna at an appropriate time, and then immediately launch missiles to shoot the target.

Two octogenarians, who are now over 80 years old, recalled those years and said, "In that era of hard struggle, we believed that the Chinese nation had the ability to overcome scientific difficulties, and we had to work it out despite all difficulties."

Beat the antelope to build missiles

At that time, faced with heavy and tense scientific research tasks, scientific and technological personnel often worked overtime spontaneously and made painstaking research. Until the dead of night, in the early hours of the morning, everyone was still busy in the office.

Researchers use simple equipment to design.

At that time, Nie Rongzhen, who was in charge of the national defense science, technology and industry, made a special provision for this: all research institutes must turn off their lights at 0: 00 and ask everyone to rest on time. However, in the Fifth Hospital and the Institute of Atomic Energy, after zero, some people hide in the toilet to read books, and some people study with flashlights under the covers.

Researchers actively learn new knowledge, master new technologies and strive to overcome scientific difficulties.

In order to ensure that the front-line researchers have enough nutrition, the state mobilizes all provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions to support the Fifth Hospital as much as possible. Not long after, several major military regions and naval forces urgently allocated a batch of non-staple foods such as pork, soybeans, fish and eggs to the national defense scientific research front, which were extremely precious at that time. This batch of materials has greatly eased the shortage of food supply in the Fifth Hospital.

While allocating materials from all over the country, the Fifth Hospital organized troops to fight antelope in Inner Mongolia to solve the problem of eating meat in the whole hospital. In the early winter of 1961, Zhai Dajun (later deputy director of the Second Institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology) set out with the hunting team of the Second Branch.

The winter weather is cold, and the grassland temperature in Inner Mongolia drops to MINUS 30-40 degrees Celsius. The cloth tent of the hunting team is not only not cold-resistant, but also can’t stop the wind.

Zhai Dajun, now 93 years old, recalled the scene at that time and said, "I dare not take off my clothes when I sleep at night. When I get into bed, I feel like I have entered icehouse." Later, the tent was too cold to live in, so they had to borrow two earth houses nearby to stay temporarily, which solved the accommodation problem.

After a heavy snow, it became more and more difficult to beat the antelope. The team members stayed up all night looking for the trail of the antelope and were very tired. What moved Zhai Dajun was that the comrades proudly said that the scientific and technical personnel were developing our country’s missiles at home, and they were willing to work hard and tired to let them eat a bowl of yellow mutton noodles.

It was under such difficult conditions that Dongfeng II missile was born.

"Dongfeng II" was born

In 1960, China mastered the missile manufacturing technology by imitating the Soviet surface-to-surface missiles. At the same time, the Dongfeng-2 missile with a longer range began to be developed.

At that time, the successful imitation of the "1059" missile greatly encouraged the morale of astronauts. Mr. Nie proposed that we should break through the barrier from imitation to independent design and design our own missiles with our own hands.

The missile in Nie Rongzhen’s mouth is the Dongfeng-2 short-range surface-to-surface missile designed by itself on the basis of the "1059" missile.

After discovering that the thrust and range of the "1059" missile still have potential to be tapped, the technicians of the First Branch of the Fifth Academy conducted an in-depth analysis of the overall scheme and the structure of the missile, and decided to independently develop the medium and short-range missile "Dongfeng II" with a range of 1,200 kilometers.

According to Mao Zedong’s famous saying, "East Wind Overwhelms West Wind", "East Wind" became the code name of China’s surface-to-surface missile series.

Although Dongfeng-2 missile "climbs high" on the basis of "1059" missile, it has great technical inheritance, but it still encounters many thorny problems in the design process. At that time, the vast majority of engineers and technicians who participated in the design were young people who had just left school. It was the first time to engage in missile design, but many technical problems were creatively solved.

In order to increase the range and reduce the weight of the rocket itself, Lu You, who was a designer of the missile tail shell in a branch at that time, put the missile rudder bracket originally placed outside into the rudder ring in one design, so that the rudder was within the jet range of the engine and the missile could be "controlled" smoothly. It is precisely because of this ingenious design that Lu You’s post division of labor has become a rudder unit designer.

In this way, Lu friends and colleagues began to develop intensively. "I missed dinner after working overtime, and I can still eat a bowl of yellow mutton after rushing to the cafeteria." So far, Lu You is still crying. He said with emotion that in the difficult period when the country’s materials are very poor, he can do everything possible to care for scientific and technological personnel from life, and the care and warmth of the party have all become the working motivation of scientific and technological personnel. Although the conditions are poor and there are many difficulties, people are all in high spirits and full of emotions.

Lijian Dongfeng

Determination of parameters, preparation of components, modification of equipment … The front and rear fought day and night, and after more than a year of hard work, Dongfeng II missile was finally developed.

In March 1962, the first Dongfeng-2 missile arrived at the launch site for various tests before launch.

Everything seems to be going very well. On March 21st, Dongfeng-2 missile made its first flight test.

69 seconds after launch, Dongfeng-2 missile crashed on the launch site, and the explosion point was only 680 meters away from the launch pad. Pain and disappointment hang over the hearts of every scientific and technological person.

After the first test failure of Dongfeng-2 missile, technicians analyzed the reasons for the failure.

Technicians inspected Dongfeng-2 missile.

After the launch failed, Qian Xuesen immediately took technicians to the scene to investigate the cause of the accident. Under the leadership of Qian Xuesen, after careful analysis, the crux of the defeat was finally found out. Experts also analyzed that the "Dongfeng II" test was not sufficient, and there was no ground facility for full missile test, so it was impossible to expose defects in the ground test, which was also an important reason for the missile crash.

In 1962, Qian Xuesen rushed to the base to guide the work after the first test failure of Dongfeng II missile.

Lessons learned from failures are often more valuable than successful experiences. Since then, on the one hand, developers have revised the design to improve the reliability of the engine system; On the other hand, accelerate the construction of large-scale ground test facilities such as all-missile test bench, and eliminate faults on the ground as much as possible.

At that time, Zhang Zuocheng (later Secretary-General of the Science and Technology Committee of the Third Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology of China) participated in the engine test of each test platform of the test station and the all-missile test of Platform 4 as a technical assistant.

In order to simulate the flight state and test the reliability of the missile system on the ground, in 1963, the most important large-scale ground test facility, the all-missile test bench, was completed.

On May 20th, the Fifth Hospital established the acceptance committee of all-missile test bench. Zhang Zuocheng remembers that after the completion of the all-missile test bench, three cold tests and two hot tests were carried out on the newly-built platform 4 using the "1059" missile. After that, more than 20 technical measures were taken and more than 80 ground tests were carried out to test the safety and reliability of the all-missile test bench.

On December 26th, the improved Dongfeng-2 missile carried out five all-missile tests in short range, medium range, full range, rated thrust and large thrust on the newly-built all-missile test bench, which stood the most rigorous and comprehensive test before the flight test.

The experiment went very smoothly. The redesigned Dongfeng-2 missile has passed 17 large-scale ground tests and 105 engine test runs.

On June 29th, 1964, Dongfeng-2 missile, which was developed by our country, ignited and lifted off at Jiuquan launch site, accurately hitting the intended target 1,000 kilometers away, turning a new page in the history of missile development in China.

On June 29th, 1964, China’s self-developed Dongfeng II turned a new page in China’s missile history.

August 27, 2019 "China Aerospace News" 3 rd edition

The pictures are from China Aerospace Publishing House, this newspaper and other materials.

Text/China Aerospace News reporter Miao Shanshan

Editor/Liu Zhe Zhang Xiaofan Hao Chenxi (intern)

Producer/Xu Bin

CCTV News:On the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, there is an unusual expressway, which runs more than 680 kilometers from Gonghe County in Hainan Prefecture of Qinghai Province to Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. This highway not only undertakes the task of continuously transporting mainland materials to Tibetan areas, but also is the most convenient route in go on road trip.

It is called Gongyu Expressway, and the hard work of several generations has condensed behind it. What kind of people broke through the forbidden area of human engineering and built this "heavenly road"? Wang Shuangjie, the main survey designer of this highway, gave the answer.

Wang Shuangjie (middle) leads the team to investigate the frozen soil on the plateau.

Harvest precious life wealth on the vast plateau.　

In 1979, 17-year-old Wang Shuangjie was admitted to Xi ‘an Highway College (now Chang ‘an University Highway College). Because he dreamed of becoming a teacher since he was a child, the first thing Wang Shuangjie did after entering school was to join several classmates to find a school to change majors. The old headmaster’s words dispelled his thoughts: "Classmates, our country’s transportation infrastructure is backward. In the past 30 years, it has been in the east of the river and in the west of the river. Foreign cars have entered the family, and the traffic is so developed that our country can’t be in that state forever. The day when our national car entered the family is the day when our national highway developed to a high level. You can study with peace of mind and you can use it. "

In July 1983, after graduation, Wang Shuangjie was assigned to work in the First Highway Survey and Design Institute of the Ministry of Communications. In the spring of the following year, he was appointed by the Ministry of Communications to go to Karakorum Mountain to conduct preliminary survey, design and construction technical guidance for a frontier highway.

"At that time, the altitude of this highway was about 4,700 meters, and there was permafrost on it, which made me really realize the environment of the plateau." Although Wang Shuangjie had prepared himself psychologically before this, the real situation in front of him still made him unexpected.

　

The station is short of water and electricity, and it is windy, rainy and snowy, and hails. During the day, I have to stop and rest every few steps when carrying equipment, and I have a headache and chest tightness at night, making it difficult to sleep … … The harsh environment and severe altitude sickness made Wang Shuangjie almost give up several times.

In the past 10 months on the plateau, Wang Shuangjie’s mother, who was far away from her hometown in Anhui, fell ill and passed away. It was more than a month after he received the telegram. The superior ordered that the road must be opened before the snow closed the mountain, and Wang Shuangjie was the only technical backbone appointed by the local ministries and could not leave easily. In the spring of the following year, when Wang Shuangjie rushed home, the grass was green on his mother’s grave.

Gongyu Expressway is the first expressway crossing the permafrost region in the Three Rivers source area, and it is also the scientific research demonstration and supporting project of the expressway. Stepping on the Gongyu Expressway, Wang Shuangjie’s inner pride is self-evident.

Stick to the forbidden area of life and continue the fire of scientific research on plateau frozen soil

The Qinghai-Tibet Highway starts from Xining City, Qinghai Province in the east and reaches Lhasa City, Tibet in the west. It is the asphalt highway with the highest altitude and the longest route in the world. It is also the best and safest highway leading to Tibet at present, with a total length of nearly 2,000 kilometers. This highway embodies the efforts of generations including Wang Shuangjie, and is also the foundation for building the Gongyu Expressway.

In 1950s, General Mu Shengzhong, an older revolutionary, led the troops to build the Qinghai-Tibet Highway through hardships. Since then, this highway has undertaken more than 85% of the passenger transport tasks in Tibet, and the frozen soil has melted and the road surface collapsed due to overload.

In the 1970s, the state decided to lay asphalt pavement for the entire Qinghai-Tibet Highway. In 1985, after the completion of the project, new problems followed. Due to the serious heat absorption of asphalt pavement, permafrost melts rapidly and collapses badly, so the Ministry of Communications has organized four studies on the treatment of Qinghai-Tibet highway diseases before and after.

In 2001, Wang Shuangjie became the project leader of the complete set of technology research for highway construction in permafrost regions. This is a project in which the Ministry of Communications has invested the most research funds and researchers in history. During the critical seven years from 2001 to 2008, Wang Shuangjie made dozens of trips between permafrost observation stations on the Qinghai-Tibet Highway in Xi ‘an, and made one major breakthrough after another in the field of engineering construction technology in permafrost areas. In 2008, with years of observation data and exploration and innovation, the construction and maintenance technology of Qinghai-Tibet Highway in permafrost hosted by Wang Shuangjie won the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award.

"Our first team leader died very early because of stomach problems, and altitude hypoxia can also cause cardiovascular damage; Our second team leader left because of respiratory and cardiopulmonary problems. " Colleagues around us have fallen down one by one, the older generation of frozen soil research experts are about to retire, and the new generation of researchers have not kept up. The research results on frozen soil for many years have been broken, and the whole industry will face the dilemma of green and yellow. As a leader in the new generation of frozen soil research, Wang Shuangjie feels that he should not only stick to it, but also "stabilize" a group of talents.

In 2000, the country began the strategy of developing the western region, which gave great support and care to the western transportation. This group of frozen soil researchers led by Wang Shuangjie finally ushered in the opportunity to display their talents. What they have to face is still a difficult environment. However, compared with decades ago, various hardware facilities and personnel have made great improvement and progress.

When all the fame and aura have long been submerged in the daily busyness, Wang Shuangjie dare not forget the encouragement of the old headmaster. In a project to overcome difficulties, how precious faith is, how important encouragement is. He often tells the young people in the team: "You should persist in a job, and hope will always be left to those who have hope."

　　BEIJING, Beijing, June 17 (Reporter Song Yusheng) "People who can’t dance are narcissistic and dancing, which is embarrassing." This is probably the understanding of the word "dancing" by many people. However, where did the word "full dance" come from? How did this word, which has soared in popularity recently, catch fire?

　　In fact, according to public information, full-time dancing is a professional term in street dance, also known as fighting dance, which refers to the comparison of mutual dances.

　　In the early years, the word "full dance" was found in Taiwan Province. A few years ago, there was even an online game called "Dance Online". This game is known as the sequel of "Dancing Group", and "Dancing online" is the name of its costume.

　　However, in the mainland, "dance" began to be gradually known from 2016. The reporter checked the Baidu search index. At least before July 2016, the Baidu search index was 0, which means that no one had searched for the word "dancing" before that.

　　In May, 2016, a children’s drama named "Dancing Dofala" provided countless expression packs for the word "dancing", and at the same time exposed many netizens to the word "dancing".

　　In this magic-themed TV series, which was rated by netizens as "watching for five minutes and embarrassing for two hours", the young actors have powerful magic power, but they "dance if they don’t agree with each other". Every spell depends on dancing, and they must dance before each move. In an online video, Wang Nima, editor-in-chief of runaway comics, ridiculed it as "inventing a brand-new dance genre — — Dance. "

　　As a result, the "awkward dance" understood by netizens began to deviate from its original intention. "People who don’t know how to dance twist their bodies and make the scene awkward for a time" has become the understanding of this word by many people.

　　Since then, the live webcast of the square dance has further promoted the spread of "dancing".

　　In February and March of 2017, several uncles and aunts in Zhengzhou People’s Park created their own "anti-sky swing cramp dance" and became popular on the Internet. With its magical dance, exaggerated movements and fierce expressions, this square dance team, which has attracted attention through live dancing, has been named "Dancing Heavenly Group" by netizens.

　　For this "celestial group" dance, some media described it this way — — "Some people hold their thumbs and forefingers upright, like holding two pistols, some people crouch, their hands swing down with the beat, like applying chemical fertilizer to wheat seedlings, some people keep twitching with the beat to get an electric shock, and some people imitate the movements of monkeys in the middle of dancing … …”

　　The uncle and aunt who danced in the square dance added a more vivid footnote to the "dance". And netizens seem to accept this understanding. Immediately, many new words with "embarrassment" appeared. Some netizens call embarrassing chatting "embarrassing chatting" and embarrassing singing "embarrassing singing". Recently, the China version of "Midnight Food Store" suffered bad reviews on the Internet. Some netizens ridiculed Huang Lei’s performance in the play as "cooking with embarrassment".

　　For similar statements on the internet, some netizens think that humor is just a new expression, and there is nothing wrong with it; However, some people find it difficult to understand.

　　Chen Peng, director of the Communication Department of Nankai University, said in an interview with Zhongxin.com (WeChat WeChat official account: cns2012) that with the development of the Internet, more and more network languages have been formed. "Netizens can form a very large social circle on the Internet platform and form a consensus language."

　　He also said that such a language has its own life cycle. "There are many such languages that have become popular and have not settled down." He believes that such language "can be left to fend for itself as long as it does not have an impact on our social life and moral bottom line". "But some measures should be taken to correct those languages that affect social life and moral bottom line." (End)