Order of the Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China

sequence　26　number

The revision of the "Measures for Hygienic Management of Food Additives" was adopted at the ministerial meeting on December 11th, 2001, and is hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of July 1st, 2002. The Measures for Hygienic Management of Food Additives promulgated on March 15, 1993 shall be abolished at the same time.

Minister Zhang Wenkang 　　　　　　　

March 28th, 2002　　　

Measures for hygienic management of food additives

Chapter I General Principles

the first　In order to strengthen the hygiene management of food additives, prevent food pollution and protect the health of consumers, these measures are formulated in accordance with the Food Hygiene Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

the second　These Measures shall apply to the production, operation and use of food additives.

Article　Food additives must meet the national hygiene standards and hygiene requirements.

Article 4　The Ministry of Health is in charge of the health supervision and management of food additives throughout the country.

Chapter II Examination and Approval

Article 5　The following food additives must be approved by the Ministry of Health before they can be produced, operated or used:

(1) New varieties of food additives that are not listed in the Hygienic Standard for the Use of Food Additives or the list announced by the Ministry of Health;

(two) the varieties listed in the Hygienic Standard for the Use of Food Additives or the list announced by the Ministry of Health need to expand the scope or amount of use.

Article 6　To apply for the production or use of new varieties of food additives, the following materials shall be submitted:

(1) An application form;

(2) Names of raw materials and their sources;

(3) Chemical structure and physical and chemical characteristics;

(4) production technology;

(5) Toxicological safety evaluation reports issued by inspection agencies recognized by health administrative departments at or above the provincial level, and hygienic inspection reports of three consecutive batches of products;

(six) when using microorganisms to produce food additives, it is necessary to provide the strain identification report and safety evaluation data issued by the recognized institution of the Ministry of Health;

(seven) the scope of use and usage;

(eight) report on the effect of the trial use;

(nine) the inspection method of this food additive in food;

(ten) product quality standards or specifications;

(eleven) product samples;

(12) Labels (including instructions);

(thirteen) the relevant safety information at home and abroad and the certification documents or materials allowed by other countries;

(14) Other materials as stipulated by the Ministry of Health.

Article 7　To apply for expanding the scope or amount of use of food additives, the following materials shall be submitted:

(1) An application form;

(two) the types, usage and production technology of the food to be added;

(3) Report on the effect of trial use;

(4) the inspection method of the food additive in food;

(5) product samples;

(6) Labels (including instructions);

(seven) the relevant safety information at home and abroad and the certification documents or materials allowed by other countries;

(8) Other materials as stipulated by the Ministry of Health.

Article 8　Examination and approval procedures for food additives:

(a) the applicant shall apply to the local provincial health administrative department and provide information according to the provisions of Article 6 or Article 7;

(two) the provincial health administrative department shall complete the preliminary examination of the completeness, legality and standardization of the application materials within 30 days, and submit the preliminary examination opinions to the Ministry of Health for approval;

(3) The Ministry of Health regularly holds expert review meetings to conduct technical review of the application materials, and make a decision on whether or not to approve according to the technical review opinions of the expert review meetings.

Article 9　To import new varieties of food additives and expand the scope or amount of food additives, production enterprises or import agents shall directly apply to the Ministry of Health. At the time of application, in addition to the materials specified in Articles 6 and 7 of these Measures, the following materials shall also be provided:

(1) A certificate issued by the government of the producing country (region) or an institution recognized by it that allows production and sales;

(two) the certification materials issued by the relevant institutions or organizations of the country (region) where the production enterprise is located.

Food additives in imported food must conform to the Hygienic Standard for the Use of Food Additives. Do not meet, according to the relevant provisions of these measures to obtain the approval of the Ministry of health before import.

Chapter III Production, Operation and Use

Article 10　Food additive production enterprises must obtain the health license issued by the provincial health administrative department before they can engage in food additive production.

Article 11　When applying for a hygiene license for food additives, a production enterprise shall submit the following materials to the provincial health administrative department:

(1) An application form;

(2) List of varieties producing food additives;

(three) the production conditions, equipment and quality assurance system;

(4) production technology;

(5) Quality standards or specifications;

(6) Hygienic inspection reports of three consecutive batches of products;

(7) Labels (including instructions).

Article 12　A food additive production enterprise shall have workshops, equipment and facilities suitable for the product type and quantity, organize production according to product quality standards, and establish enterprise production records and product sample retention system.

Food additive production enterprises should strengthen the hygiene management in the production process to prevent food additives from being polluted and mixed among different varieties.

Article 13　In the production of compound food additives, the use scope and dosage of each single variety of additives shall conform to the varieties specified in the Hygienic Standard for the Use of Food Additives or the announcement list of the Ministry of Health and their use scope and dosage.

It is not allowed to use single varieties of additives without the same scope of use in the production of compound food additives, and it is not allowed to use non-edible substances beyond the Hygienic Standard for the Use of Food Additives to produce compound food additives.

Article 14　When producing food additives, enterprises shall conduct quality inspection on the products. If it passes the inspection, it shall issue a product inspection certificate; Without the product inspection certificate, it shall not be sold.

Article 15　Operators of food additives must have storage and business premises suitable for the variety and quantity of business. When selling and storing food additives, special counters and shelves must be set up, and they must not be mixed with non-edible products or toxic and harmful substances.

Article 16　When purchasing food additives, food additive operators shall obtain a copy of the hygiene license and a product inspection certificate.

It is forbidden to operate food additives without hygiene license and product inspection certificate.

Article 17　The use of food additives must conform to the "Hygienic Standard for the Use of Food Additives" or the varieties specified in the announcement list of the Ministry of Health, as well as their scope and dosage.

It is forbidden to use food additives for the purpose of covering up food spoilage or doping, adulteration or forgery.

Chapter IV Labels and Instructions

Article 18　Food additives must have packaging labels and product specifications, which include: product name, place of origin, factory name, hygiene license number, specifications, formula or main components, production date, batch number or code, shelf life, scope and dosage of use, usage method, etc., and the words "food additives" are clearly marked on the labels.

If there are applicable taboos and safety precautions for food additives, warning signs shall be given on the labels.

Article 19　Compound food additives, in addition to being marked according to the provisions of Article 18 of these Measures, shall also be marked with the name of each single variety, and arranged according to the content from large to small; Each single variety must use a name consistent with the Hygienic Standard for the Use of Food Additives.

Article 20　The packaging labels and product descriptions of food additives shall not have propaganda contents that expand the scope of use or exaggerate the use effect.

Chapter V Health Supervision

Article 21　The Ministry of Health may re-evaluate the safety of food additives that may have safety and hygiene problems, revise the scope and dosage of use or make a decision to ban the use, and make it public.

Article 22　The health administrative department of the local people’s government at or above the county level shall organize supervision and spot checks on the production, operation and use of food additives, and announce the results of supervision and spot checks to the public.

Article 23　The food hygiene inspection unit shall inspect the food additives according to the standards, norms and requirements formulated by the Ministry of Health, and the inspection and evaluation reports made shall be objective and true, and conform to the relevant standards, norms and requirements.

Article 24　The general hygiene supervision and management of the production and operation of food additives shall be implemented in accordance with the Food Hygiene Law and relevant regulations.

Chapter VI Penalty Rules

Article 25　Production, operation or use of food additives that do not meet the hygiene standards for the use of food additives or the relevant provisions of these Measures shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 44 of the Food Hygiene Law.

Article 26　If the packaging label or product description of food additives does not indicate or falsely indicate the production date, shelf life and other specified matters, or does not indicate the Chinese label, it shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 46 of the Food Sanitation Law.

Article 27　Violation of the Food Hygiene Law or other relevant hygiene requirements shall be punished in accordance with the corresponding provisions.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Article 28　The meanings of the following terms in these Measures:

Food additives refer to chemical synthetic or natural substances added to food to improve the quality, color, aroma and taste of food, as well as to meet the needs of preservation and processing technology.

A compound food additive refers to a food additive which is formed by physically mixing more than two kinds of single food additives.

Article 29　The Ministry of Health shall be responsible for the interpretation of these Measures.

Article 30　These Measures shall come into force as of July 1, 2002. On March 15, 1993, the Measures for Hygienic Management of Food Additives issued by the Ministry of Health were abolished at the same time.

The 2023 Dodge Ram Tyrannosaurus Rex in Tianjin Port is now sold in the sixth country, and it is licensed nationwide. The 23 Dodge Ram Tyrannosaurus Rex uses a supercharged 6.2-liter HEMI? HELLCAT V8 engine with a maximum horsepower of 712 horsepower and a maximum torque of 881 Nm. Ram 1500 TRX has become the fastest and most powerful mass-produced half-ton pickup truck in the world. In terms of torque, TRX provides a new performance level with a speed of 0 to 100 km/h in 4.9 seconds and a top speed of 190 km/h.

　　

Configuration: limited edition of TRX ignition (MoparTRX ignition decal, TRX special edition central control logo, 18-inch wheels, orange decorative stitching, pedestrian emergency braking, leather and carbon flat-bottomed steering wheel, carbon fiber interior, Mopar container telescopic pedal, Mopar4-way adjustable cargo binding hook, adaptive cruise with start and stop, double-window panoramic sunroof, lane keeping aid, and bottom two-color car paint. Mopar embedded container liner) TRX 2 package (leather trimmed bucket seat, front seat ventilation, wrapped main driver’s assistant armrest, luxurious front door panel decoration, full-length advanced upgraded center console, lift display, digital rearview mirror, advanced wrapped instrument panel, LED ambient light, radio/main driver’s seat/mirror/pedal memory function, main driver’s seat memory, 4-way electric lumbar support passenger seat, 8-way electric main driver and passenger. Electric adjustable pedal includes memory function, pedal lighting, traction braking management, Harman Kardon advanced audio includes 19 speakers, blind spot and intersection detection, front seat heating, second seat heating, steering wheel heating, parking assistance before and after parking induction includes stop function, cargo box lighting, rain sensing front windshield wiper, rear seat bottom storage box, electric tailgate, rear 60/40 folding seat, Mopar cross-country style pedal, and traction reverse steering control.

The exterior design of the Dodge Ram Tyrannosaurus Rex has a strong sense of impact. Compared with the well-behaved family design, the front of the Dodge Ram Tyrannosaurus Rex is undoubtedly a little more aggressive to the road. The eyes do not reveal a trace of lively charm, and the only thing that is displayed is fierceness. The front bumper is an iron front bumper with a hook, which exudes a metallic atmosphere and is calm and atmospheric. As the best-selling model, it has a very aggressive front face. Dodge Ram Tyrannosaurus Rex has completely got rid of the rough feeling of the United States. The edges and seams are carefully handled. The leather seats are independent and equipped with comfortable functions such as heating and massage. Each seat is equipped with a control handle independently, and each function is controlled by the rider himself. All seats of Dodge Ram pickup truck are wrapped in leather, and the front row is also equipped with very practical sports seats.

　The design of the 2023 Dodge Ram Tyrannosaurus Rex center console is simple and hard, which conforms to the temperament of the ram. The bottom of the dashboard has patterns, which further highlights the elegance of this car. The soft instrument panel design is very comfortable to the touch, and there is nothing stiff.

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The chassis of 23 Dodge Tyrannosaurus Rex has also been greatly upgraded. The chassis is made of a large number of high-strength steel to improve the rigidity of the frame. At the same time, the suspension system is also equipped with an adaptive shock absorber from Bilstein, which can reduce the vibration during high-speed desert driving and off-road, and improve driving performance and durability.

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The interior of the 23 Dodge Tyrannosaurus Rex is simple and generous, but this will not affect its luxurious texture. The rich configuration will make you admire it. At the same time, as the flagship model of the Dodge family, the new car is also equipped with a 12-inch vertical central control screen. In addition to supporting common functions such as Bluetooth, navigation and car Wi-Fi, it also supports Apple CarPlay and Android Auto phones.

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In addition to its powerful power, the performance version of the 23 Dodge Ram Tyrannosaurus Rex is also first-class in off-road performance. The clearance between the vehicle and the floor is 28cm, the contact angle is 30.2, the departure angle is 23.5, the passing angle is 21.9, and the wading height is 81.28cm, which can correspond to most sections. In addition, the new car is equipped with an adaptive shock absorber from Bilstein, and the stroke of the front and rear wheels reaches 33.

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　　Yesterday, Jiangsu Education Examinations Institute held an open day for marking the college entrance examination. Yangzi Evening News reporter and 12 candidates and parents’ representatives from Nanjing came to the marking site of the college entrance examination, visited the answer sheet storage group, scanning group and Chinese subject marking group successively, and got in touch with the marking work of the college entrance examination at zero distance, feeling the fair, just, rigorous and orderly working atmosphere of the marking of the college entrance examination.

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　　The electronic image of each candidate’s answer sheet is kept for 4 years.

　　At the examination paper scanning point of the Provincial Education Examinations Institute, the staff are busy unpacking and scanning the examination paper, storing the information in the warehouse, and scanning it through a high-speed special scanner, cutting the contents of the examination paper into pictures, encrypting the candidates’ names, admission ticket numbers and other information, and sending them directly to each marking point through special optical fiber.

　　Fu Yaozhang, director of the Network Information Center of the Provincial Education Examinations Institute, said, "The scanning number of all answer sheets in all subjects must be consistent with the data of candidates participating in the arrangement, and the electronic image of each candidate’s answer sheet should be kept for 4 years."

　　As in previous years, this year, all subjects of the college entrance examination in our province will continue to carry out computer-aided online marking, and the Provincial Education Examinations Institute will undertake the scanning of answer sheets and the marking of multiple-choice questions. For non-multiple-choice questions, the marking of Chinese, mathematics and foreign languages will be handled by Nanjing Normal University, and the marking of six selected subjects and small languages will be handled by Nanjing University.

　　Wu Renlin, vice president of the Provincial Education Examinations Institute, said that there were more than 2,200 marking teachers this year, all of whom were selected from the database of marking teachers in the province. Among them, the marking teachers who mark the test questions with large scores and strong subjectivity, such as composition questions, discussion questions, calculation and solution questions, experiments, etc., all have more than 3 years of teaching and research experience and some marking experience.

　　"Four-evaluation system" makes marking more fair

　　The marking method is also particular: the "four-evaluation system" is implemented in the non-multiple-choice part of all subjects. "After the test paper is scanned and entered into the computer, it will be cut into several blocks. After cutting, the computer will automatically process all the blocks with secret numbers. All the secret numbers correspond to the candidates one by one, but the marking teacher can’t see any identity information of the candidates, and no one can change the answer sheets after secret number processing, which can ensure the fairness and justice of marking work." Wu Renlin said that each marking group marked the cut blocks separately, and each block was randomly distributed to two different marking teachers for independent marking. If the scores scored by the two people are within the scoring threshold set by the subject marking expert group, the average of the scores scored by the two people is taken; If it exceeds the scoring threshold, it will be submitted to the third marking teacher for three evaluations; If it still exceeds the scoring threshold, it will be submitted to the fourth marking teacher for four evaluations. The difficult problems encountered in the marking process are collectively discussed and solved by the marking expert group.

　　Marking progress

　　Chinese: the score of the test questions is accurate to 1 point.

　　Professor Cao, a member of the Chinese marking group of the college entrance examination, introduced that this year’s marking was more orderly, rigorous, scientific and stable. On the second day after the end of the college entrance examination, marking experts entered the marking site to prepare for marking. At present, the scores of most topics are accurate to 1 point, ensuring that the hard work of each candidate is properly reflected.

　　Professor Cao said that the marking of Chinese in the college entrance examination has maintained a steady and progressive trend. "This year, the Chinese in the college entrance examination is generally stable. From the results of the trial evaluation, it is easier for candidates to get started, and their thoughts and feelings can be expressed, and the degree of discrimination in the test papers is ideal. For the composition evaluation that candidates and parents care about, we will focus on correcting the phenomenon of high scores and low scores in the process of marking and correcting ‘ False and wrong cases ’ Strictly check the excellent composition and carefully identify the fake phenomenon of low scores and high scores. In addition, the team leader and the staff of the expert group will repeatedly check without any dead ends, and organize the verification team to conduct spot checks on the composition marking. "

　　Mathematics: More than 8 solutions have been prepared for each problem such as function.

　　The math marking team for college entrance examination consists of math teachers from NTU and NTU and more than 80 middle school teachers. Professor Yan, a member of the math marking group and professor of Nanjing Normal University, introduced that the math marking group organized a subject expert group and each topic leader to investigate the answers of the province’s math test papers, and learned about the possible answers of candidates through full investigation. "The expert group has been carefully formulating the scoring rules. For example, function problems and many big problems have provided more than eight solutions, so it is necessary to formulate scientific evaluation criteria. Decompose each solution into knowledge points, and ensure that homogeneous knowledge points give the same scores and fair standards. Once a new solution is found, the marking teacher must report to the subject expert group in time, and then the experts will discuss and study the scoring rules of this solution, and they are not allowed to evaluate it privately. "

　　Professor Yan revealed that the mathematics marking of the college entrance examination should be completed before the 20th.

　　English: enrich the grading rules and take care of a variety of reasonable composition viewpoints and angles.

　　Professor Shao, a member of the English marking group, introduced that the expert group carefully analyzed the characteristics and reference answers of "task-based reading" and "written expression" and refined the evaluation criteria; The writing points and sub-points of the composition part are subdivided. At the same time, through a large number of sample papers covering various regions and examination rooms, starting from the actual situation of candidates’ answers, the scoring rules are enriched and a variety of reasonable composition viewpoints and angles are taken care of.

　　English marking implements a three-level quality monitoring system of subject expert group, marking team leader and team members. Each paper has been reviewed by team members for multiple rounds back to back, arbitrated or spot-checked by team leader, and monitored and spot-checked by experts. At the same time, the online marking system and monitoring system have a clear division of labor. According to the characteristics of English subjects, the software is designed scientifically and matched reasonably, and equipped with real-time marking, quality statistics, bad error monitoring and early warning systems to avoid misjudgment as much as possible.

　　Yangzi Evening News/Yangyan reporter Yang Tianzi

　　China Rural Network News (Reporter Jiang Wenlong, Zhu Haiyang) The landing of super typhoon "Likima" has had a great impact on Zhejiang’s economy. According to the latest statistics, as of 8: 00 on the 11th, the affected area of crops in Zhejiang Province was 173,000 hectares, with a total harvest of about 22,000 hectares, 34,000 houses damaged due to the disaster, and the direct economic loss was more than 14.57 billion yuan. At present, the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has issued a notice, demanding that all efforts be made to resume agricultural production after the typhoon.

　　Previously, Zhejiang has released agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation technical measures such as planting, animal husbandry and fishery. In order to effectively strengthen the guidance service and strengthen the implementation of technical measures, all parts of Zhejiang are coordinating relevant forces, selecting a group of people with familiar business and excellent skills to form a disaster relief guidance group, and rushing to the scene at the first time to investigate and understand the disaster situation, visit and sympathize with the affected farmers and agricultural production and operation entities, and help solve practical difficulties in agricultural production.

　　Zhejiang requires that all localities should use seeds, pesticides, fertilizers, disinfectants, vaccines and other reserve materials in time according to the disaster situation and demand, coordinate and organize the transfer of agricultural production materials between regions in time, and give priority to ensuring the supply of agricultural disaster relief materials. If the affected fields need to replant vegetables and other crops, it is necessary to coordinate and organize relevant seedling enterprises, pay close attention to breeding, and do a good job in docking seedlings.

　　The reporter learned that local agricultural disaster relief guidance groups have gone to the front line of disaster relief. On the 10th, technicians from Yueqing Agriculture and Rural Bureau went to Nanyue Egg Duck Breeding Community to guide the post-disaster recovery work, and went to the fields of farmers insured by policy agricultural insurance to check the disaster situation. Technicians from Deqing County Agricultural and Rural Bureau visited agricultural producers such as aquatic products, orchards and shrimp farming to survey and guide the response of agricultural typhoon prevention; Agricultural technicians from Xiangshan County Agriculture and Rural Bureau went to Dingtang Town Elemental Egg Duck Breeding Base and Shipu Town Grape Planting Base to provide guidance on post-disaster recovery.

　　The reporter learned that the typhoon node was special and had a great impact on fishery production in Zhejiang. Zhejiang Fishery Mutual Insurance Association has organized forces to rush to the disaster-stricken sites all over the province for the first time to collect survey information and statistics on damage data. Pacify members’ anxiety, and do a good job in claims settlement and service in post-disaster fishing areas. On the evening of the 9th, the Provincial Institute of Marine Fisheries dispatched 15 experts overnight to form a disaster relief expert guidance group, especially for Yueqing and Dongtou, which were seriously affected by the disaster, to visit and inspect the relevant breeding and seedling raising bases and enterprises on the spot, and to assist the local agricultural and rural departments to carry out disaster relief technical guidance. (Photo by: Zhejiang Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs)

CCTV News:The Spring Festival is coming, and it is the choice of many families to take family photos in the photo studio. The reporter recently visited the Beijing market and found that the passenger flow of many photo studios has increased significantly, and some places even have to make an appointment many days in advance.

Reporter:I am now in Dabei photo studio on Qianmen Street in Beijing. The staff told me that with the approach of the Spring Festival, more and more customers come here to take photos, especially the family photos are selling more and more hot.

Beijing consumers:Once a year, I added this family of five, and I took my parents with me. It was also the first time to take a photo with my baby.

Beijing consumers:Want to take a picture of her (mother) every year, (she) is a little nervous.

In the photo studio, the staff told reporters that in recent days, family photos, black and white and color headshots are still the main products in the store, and most customers are coming from this classic nostalgia.

Beijing consumers:We were born in the 1980s, and there weren’t many color photos at the beginning. It’s quite retro to bring children to take pictures.

Meng Qingyi, manager of Beijing Dabei Photography Front Store:At the end of the year, the passenger flow still increased. Usually, we take more than 200 photos (every day), but now we can take between 300 and 400 photos, mainly because we have more photos.

Reporter:Different from the traditional photo studio, we see more young people in this fast and fashionable photo studio in Xidan, Beijing. For them, taking a photo at the end of the year is the pursuit of a sense of ritual in life.

Beijing consumers:We want to shoot something academic, or something related to the New Year.

Beijing consumers:This suit is also suitable for the occasion, just in line with the new year atmosphere.

The reporter learned that with the continuation of Christmas and New Year’s products and the launch of family photo products in the Spring Festival, there are more choices of products in the photo studio at present. The price of a single person ranges from 300 to 500, and the daily reception volume has also increased by about 20% compared with usual.

Wang Xinwei, manager of a fast fashion photo studio in Beijing:Many customers choose to take a photo at the festival just to increase the sense of ceremony and send a circle of friends. Basically, every day is a full state, and weekends are full. The best sellers are Weiyang and Chiying in the national tide. Because it is red and Chinese style, customers will have more choices.

Image source: China Radio Network

CCTV News:"Family, less idle month, people twice as busy in June. At night, the south wind rises and the wheat is covered with yellow. " It’s the wheat harvest season in a year. Under the blue sky in the distance, golden wheat waves are surging. The newly harvested wheat is ground into fragrant flour and enters the kitchens of various households. ……

One out of every eight steamed buns eaten by more than 1.3 billion people in China comes from the wheat variety "Bainong Aikang 58", which is known as "the first wheat in Huanghuai". It is "Mai Da" Ru Zhengang who successfully cultivated this new wheat variety. He is the vice president of the School of Life Science and Technology of Henan University of Science and Technology, the director of the Henan Hybrid Wheat Engineering Technology Research Center, and the chief expert of wheat disease and pest resistance breeding in Henan Province.

Ru Zhengang often said: "As an agricultural science and technology worker, you can’t help farmers increase production and income. You are nothing!" His lifelong aspiration is to fill the granary of China with the power of science and technology.

Change the world with a "go against the sky wheat seed"

Food is scarce and farming is difficult. These childhood memories make Ru Zhengang have an indescribable feeling for wheat. He has always had a "wheat dream", "We must have enough food in Chinese, and the granary is full of our own wheat".

In 1981, Ru Zhengang, who graduated from agronomy, was selected by Professor Huang Guangzheng, a national expert who was famous in the breeding field at that time and won the second prize of national invention, and "pulled into" the breeding industry. Since then, it has been persistent for 36 years.

In order to find the root of the problem of wheat growth, Ru Zhengang ate and lived in the wheat field for several days. In order to ensure the accuracy of the data, he took the research team to manually thresh one by one; In order to understand the growth of wheat in various places, he traveled almost every wheat producing area in China.

In the process of breeding new wheat varieties such as "Aikang 58", Ru Zhengang explored and created a set of nearly complete scientific methods, theoretical systems and scientific research equipment and breeding platform established from it. In his breeding base, from the molecular biology laboratory to the artificial climate room, to the intelligent greenhouse, and then to the outdoor experimental field, it takes only a few minutes to be fully prepared. It is these few minutes’ path that shortens the time of wheat breeding by six years.

Ruzhengang successively cultivated and popularized many varieties such as "Bainong 62", "Bainong 64", "Bainong 160" and "Bainong Aikang 58", and the wheat varieties with stable and high yield filled the granaries of China, which also made the people happy. Ruzhengang has become an out-and-out "God of Grain".

The inspiration for scientific research propositions comes from ordinary people.

"All my scientific research topics and the inspiration and source of technological innovation come from ordinary people." Ru Zhengang traveled all over the country in most wheat fields, and no matter where he went, he never forgot to ask the villagers to "find fault" with their own seeds.

Can wheat be high-yielding and lodging-resistant? Can wheat be planted whenever it wants? The ears of wheat are big, can you make more grains? There are too many ears, can you make the straw shorter? The wheat straw is short, can it tolerate barren and drought? … … Seemingly harsh problems are thrown at him from time to time, and if Ru Zhengang gets the treasure, it will eventually turn into his most breakthrough and creative scientific research topic.

Many experts believe that the wheat yield in Huanghuai area of China has reached the "ceiling", and it is "even more difficult" to further increase the yield. Ru Zhengang’s thoughts and vision jumped to the northeast and Guangdong, Fujian and other places, hoping to find a record-breaking "artifact" in these places.

He constantly challenges himself and his limits. "Even though the frost of time has stained my temples and the knife of years has carved my forehead, why don’t I change my mind and be as heroic as yesterday?" Ru Zhengang expressed his ambition to charge for hybrid wheat breeding in poetic language.

Loving wheat is like your own daughter.

Ru Zhengang said that after 36 years of research, Wheat is actually like his daughter. It can understand his words, and he knows how it can be good, what it likes, what it doesn’t like, and how to make it happy.

"When you chat with wheat with your heart, you can feel the power of its life. Although the breeding work has to face failure 90% of the time, every improvement is an exploration of life and a spiritual enjoyment." Ru Zhengang said.

In Ru Zhengang’s view, wheat that can give people full returns, like wheat, is not wheat, but wheat of a work of art.. He wants to cultivate better wheat varieties, serve the strategic needs of modern agricultural production and national food security, and make new contributions to China’s food security and agricultural harvest. (Source: Ministry of Science and Technology)

　　In practice, a large number of inventions are protected by submitting patent applications and obtaining authorization. Therefore, the writing quality of patent application documents often affects whether the patentee can successfully defend his rights and resist competitors. In this paper, the author discusses the writing skills of patent application documents from the perspective of writing patent application documents.

　　First, we should consider the appropriate scope of protection. The so-called "appropriate" scope of protection refers to obtaining as large a scope of protection as possible on the premise of complying with China’s patent law and its implementation rules.

　　The author thinks that a patent application document can "predict" the comparison documents that may be retrieved, which is based on the full retrieval of domestic and foreign patent documents in the early stage of writing the patent application document, so as to determine the appropriate level of existing technology, construct an appropriate scope of protection, and make the patent more stable.

　　In practice, the author found that many existing patent application documents only describe the technical scheme itself. The author believes that the process of writing patent application documents is a process of secondary creation, which requires the joint participation of inventors and patent agents to discuss various implementation methods to solve the technical problems involved in invention-creation, and determine the claims after summarizing and abstracting the technical characteristics of the implementation methods (upper generalization or functional limitation). And the upper generalization also needs as many examples as possible so that the claims can be supported by the specification. When judging the infringement, the functional features are interpreted as the specific embodiment disclosed in the specification and its equivalent embodiment, and the application of the equivalence rule is easy to have objections. Therefore, it is helpful to obtain a more appropriate scope of protection by excavating as many embodiments as possible in the writing stage of patent application documents.

　　Second, when writing patent application documents, we should also consider it from the perspective of being conducive to infringement judgment. For example, based on principle of universal coverage, when writing the patent application file at first, only the most necessary technical feature set that can solve the technical problems of the invention needs to be written into the independent claim, and unnecessary technical features will only limit the narrowing of the protection scope. In practice, the name of the invention, the characteristics of the use environment, the technical characteristics of the product defined by the preparation method, and the step sequence of the method claim may limit the scope of patent protection, so it should be carefully considered when using it. If there are possibly ambiguous terms in the claim and they are not explained in the specification, it may cause obstacles to the interpretation of the subsequent claims.

　　Third, the commercial prospects of patented products or methods should be considered. In the writing stage of patent application documents, patent agents may find that technical solutions can be applied to fields with more commercial prospects during the communication with inventors. For example, a technical scheme can be used in PC, but after understanding the existing technology, it is found that its application prospect in mobile terminal is very considerable, but it needs to be adjusted accordingly when applied in mobile terminal, so different technical schemes are produced, and the application strategy needs to be adjusted in time.

　　Fourth, we should consider whether patents can be easily evaded by competitors. The patent agent can work with the applicant to develop possible improved technical solutions and possible deteriorated technical solutions. The improved technical solutions can be used as a "retreat" in the patent examination stage and may prevent competitors from submitting improved solutions to patent applications. According to the Guide to Determining Patent Infringement issued by Beijing Higher People’s Court, the deteriorated technical scheme does not constitute equivalent infringement, so the deteriorated technical scheme should also be considered when writing patent application documents.

　　Fifth, it should be considered that it is conducive to obtaining evidence and safeguarding rights. If the applicant is engaged in the production of products, from the perspective of tort compensation, it may be more beneficial for the right holder to write patent application documents mainly against product manufacturers. This is because it is generally easier for sellers, importers and users of infringing products to prove the legal source of infringing products. In this case, it is advantageous to write the product and the claim of the preparation method of the product.

　　In the fields of communication, network and computer, the applicant may face multiple infringing objects, and which infringing objects he hopes to resist is an important factor in determining his claim. Different claims can be designed for different infringing objects.

　　Generally speaking, it is more beneficial to obtain evidence if you can know the technical characteristics of the product without disassembling it or using it by consumers. If you need reverse engineering to determine whether a product is infringing, you need to consider the difficulty of reverse engineering. For example, for related patents in the chemical field, the technical features that can be measured by ordinary measuring instruments or technologies are more conducive to obtaining evidence. For patents related to semiconductor and chip fields, if reverse engineering is easy to realize, components and their connection modes can be described. If reverse engineering is difficult to realize or the cost is high, it is necessary to consider whether it is necessary to change the writing method.

　　Sixth, we should consider the layout strategy. When writing patent application documents, we should also pay attention to the role of dependent claims, that is, in addition to independent claims, other novel and creative technical features can be arranged in dependent claims to prevent competitors from evading design.

　　At the same time, different levels of protection scope should be considered, and some patent application documents may be incompatible with certain technical features. At this time, independent claims with different protection scope can be considered to avoid giving up some protection scope due to modification. In addition, in some cases, the protection scope of the method claim can be different from that of the product claim, for example, the protection scope of the method claim can be greater than that of the product claim to achieve different levels of protection.

　　Chinese applicants need to consider the relevant laws and regulations of different countries when writing patent application documents if they want to arrange patents abroad. When submitting an international patent application through the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), due to the relatively limited space for modification, it is especially necessary to strictly check the priority documents.

　　For example, when filing an American patent application, we should avoid too much self-admission and discussion about the existing technology. Because the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has a strict review of Antecedent Basis, patent Enablement and Written Description, it should be extra cautious when writing priority documents. (Li Xingdi only represents the author’s personal views)
　

Notice on printing and distributing the vaccination work plan to deal with the recent infection situation in Covid-19
Guo Wei Ming Dian [2023] No.46

All provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps should respond to the joint prevention and control mechanism (leading group and headquarters) of novel coronavirus infection, and the State Council should respond to the members of the vaccination coordination group of the joint prevention and control mechanism of novel coronavirus infection:

The "Work Plan for Vaccination in Response to Recent Infections in Covid-19" is hereby printed and distributed to you, please conscientiously implement it according to the actual situation.

The State Council responds to novel coronavirus infection.Comprehensive group of epidemic prevention and control mechanism
April 6, 2023

(Information disclosure form: voluntary disclosure)

Respond to the recent Covid-19 infection epidemic.Vaccination work plan

In order to thoroughly implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, effectively respond to the recent epidemic situation in Covid-19, and ensure and safeguard people’s health, this work plan is formulated in combination with the epidemic situation, vaccine research and development, immune effect evaluation, population immunity level and other factors.

First, the target population

At this stage, the focus of vaccination is to fill the gap in immune level for different target groups and further reduce the risk of severe illness and death. The target population is as follows:

(a) people who are not infected and have not completed the established immunization program. Including uninfected people aged 3-17 who have not completed basic immunization, uninfected people aged over 18 who have not completed the first dose of booster immunization, and uninfected people aged over 18 who have not completed the second dose of booster immunization (high-risk people with infection, elderly people over 60 years old, people with serious basic diseases and people with low immunity).

(two) people who have been infected and have not completed basic immunization.

Second, the time interval and vaccine selection

(1) Time interval.

The uninfected target population completes the follow-up vaccination according to the established immunization program and its time interval requirements. Among them, for people over 18 who have completed basic immunization, the interval of the first dose of booster immunization is adjusted to more than 3 months.

People who have been infected and have not completed basic immunization can be vaccinated with one dose after 3 months of infection.

(2) vaccine selection.

Shenzhou cell recombinant Covid-19 tetravalent S trimer protein vaccine and Unacon Covid-19 mRNA vaccine have been included in emergency use, which can be used for intensive immunization of people over 18 years old.

The vaccines used for basic immunization of uninfected target population shall be implemented with reference to the relevant requirements in the previous period. In order to strengthen immunization, it is recommended to use Shenzhou cell recombinant Covid-19 tetravalent S trimer protein vaccine and Unacon Covid-19 mRNA vaccine. Other recombinant protein vaccines or virus vector vaccines that have been approved for conditional marketing or emergency use can also be selected for sequential enhanced immunization.

People over the age of 18 who have been infected and have not completed basic immunization are recommended to use Shenzhou cell recombinant Covid-19 tetravalent S trimer protein vaccine and Unacon Covid-19 mRNA vaccine, or choose other recombinant protein vaccines or virus vector vaccines that have been approved for conditional marketing or emergency use. For people aged 3-17 who have been infected and have not completed basic immunization, the vaccines used for vaccination shall be implemented according to the relevant requirements of the previous period.

Follow-up will be based on the progress of vaccine research and development, approval, combined with the epidemic situation, virus variation and other conditions, timely research and adjustment of vaccination strategies.

Third, ensure vaccination safety

All localities should continue to give priority to vaccination safety, and organize vaccination implementation in strict accordance with the requirements of the Code for Vaccination Work. Local health departments should implement the "four haves" requirement that vaccination units should have emergency personnel stationed in general hospitals at or above the second level, emergency equipment and medicines, 120 ambulances on duty, and green channels for treatment in general hospitals at or above the second level to ensure vaccination safety. Inoculation units should do a good job in vaccination information registration and vaccine flow management, and update the vaccination records in the immunization planning information system and vaccination vouchers in a timely and accurate manner.

Fourth, strengthen organization and implementation

(1) Strengthening the responsibility of territorial subjects. All localities should implement the responsibility of territorial management, attach great importance to and co-ordinate the vaccination work in Covid-19. It is necessary to strengthen the guidance of vaccination work within the jurisdiction and fully grasp the progress of the work. Relevant local departments should strengthen docking and do a good job of coordination.

(two) to play the role of the competent department of industry. The competent departments of relevant industries should guide the units where the personnel in this industry work to actively cooperate with local unified arrangements and jointly do a good job in organizing and mobilizing.

(3) Strengthen supervision and guidance. It is necessary to closely track and monitor the progress of vaccination in various places, and find and study and solve related problems in time. Improve the traceability system of vaccine flow, improve the safety supervision mechanism of vaccine chain, continuously strengthen the whole process management and safety precautions, and effectively ensure the efficient and smooth transportation of vaccines.

(4) Do a good job in publicity and guidance. All localities and relevant departments should, according to the needs of work, formulate targeted publicity measures for vaccination work, focus on the purpose and significance of vaccination, respond to social concerns, sum up and popularize typical experiences and practices, actively guide the target population to take the initiative to vaccinate, and especially guide and improve the vaccination rate of the elderly population.

Note: People aged 3-17 can only use Covid-19 inactivated vaccine of Sinopharm Zhongsheng Beijing Company, Beijing Kexing Company, Sinopharm Zhongsheng Wuhan Company and Zhifeilong Kema recombinant Covid-19 vaccine (CHO cells).

　　CCTV News:According to WeChat official account, the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, on October 23rd, the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention released the national epidemic situation of legal infectious diseases in September 2023:

　　In September 2023 (from 0: 00 on September 1st to 24: 00 on September 30th), 879,567 cases of legal infectious diseases were reported in China (excluding Hongkong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province, the same below), with 2,213 deaths.

　　Nine cases of Class A infectious diseases were reported, all of which were cholera, and no deaths were reported.

　　Among the Class B infectious diseases, except novel coronavirus infection, 304,210 cases were reported and 2,213 people died, including SARS, poliomyelitis, human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza, diphtheria and human infection with H7N9 avian influenza. The top five reported diseases are viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, syphilis, gonorrhea and dengue fever, accounting for 92.7% of the total reported cases of Class B infectious diseases.

　　In the same period, a total of 575,348 cases of Class C infectious diseases were reported, and no deaths were reported. The top three reported diseases are influenza, hand-foot-mouth disease and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, accounting for 80.2% of the total reported cases of Class C infectious diseases.

　　CCTV News:South Korean Presidential Palace Cheongwadae announced on the 8th that Moon Jae in will meet with a visiting high-level delegation from the DPRK on the 10th. Members of the delegation include Jin Yongnan, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People’s Assembly of the DPRK, Jin Yuzheng, First Deputy Minister of the Central Committee of the Workers’ Party of Korea, Cui Hui, Chairman of the State Sports Steering Committee, and Li Shanquan, Chairman of the Peaceful Reunification Committee of the Motherland. According to Xinhua News Agency, the DPRK delegation arrived at Incheon Airport in South Korea by special plane at noon on the 9th.

　　Who’s Jin Yuzheng? What is the future trend of the situation on the peninsula? Will the representatives of North Korea, South Korea and the United States interact outside of sports events? The PyeongChang Winter Olympics in 2018 was full of topics before it started.

　　Rare! Kim Jong-un once only took his twin sister to inspect the troops.

　　Jin Yuzheng is the daughter of the late North Korean leader Kim Jong Il and the younger sister of Kim Jong Un.

　　On March 9, 2014, Jin Yuzheng made her first "official appearance" in a report on North Korean national television. At that time, Kim Jong-un was elected as the representative of Baitoushan Constituency No.111 with 100% support rate. Jin Yuzheng, known as "Comrade", appeared for the first time in the report, and a "close-up" of her voting was shown.

　　On November 27th, 2014, Kim Jong-un inspected the 426 Animation Studio. Korean Central News Agency mentioned Jin Yuzheng, Vice Minister of the Central Committee of the Labor Party, when introducing the accompanying personnel. This was the first time that the North Korean media publicized Jin Yuzheng’s position, which attracted the attention of foreign media.

　　After that, Jin Yuzheng can always be seen in Kim Jong-un’s activities reported by North Korea’s official media. From watching performances, to inspecting factories and museums, to inspecting military training activities, Jin Yuzheng’s name can always be found in the list of accompanying persons.

　　From March 9, 2014 to March 12, 2015, Jin Yuzheng accompanied Kim Jong-un on 25 inspections. Since November, 2014, Jin Yuzheng has been accompanying Kim Jong-un to inspect more and more frequently, accounting for more than half of the total times. Generally speaking, Jin Yuzheng’s people’s livelihood and cultural performances are twice as many as her military and political visits. However, since November 2014, her visits to the army have been basically the same as other activities. In January 2015, Jin Yuzheng’s public activities were particularly active, and he accompanied Kim Jong-un on seven inspections.

　　On March 12, 2015, Kim Jong-un, the top leader of North Korea, visited a defense squadron in the front post on the east coast of North Korea. In Korean Central News Agency’s report, only the name of Kim Jong-un’s sister Jin Yuzheng was mentioned, but the names of other accompanying persons were not mentioned. Judging from the pictures released by the Workers’ Party of Korea, Jin Yuzheng not only accompanied Kim Jong-un to inspect the whole process, but also participated in the final photo. This kind of situation is rare. Usually, the entourage of Kim Jong-un does not take part in the group photo during the inspection activities, and it is the first time that only Kim Jong-un’s brother and sister inspect the troops in the official media of North Korea.

　　At present, it is a critical moment for the DPRK and the ROK to release goodwill and improve bilateral relations. Kim Jong-un sent Jin Yuzheng to represent North Korea in the opening ceremony of the PyeongChang Winter Olympics, and the position of the younger sister in North Korea’s political arena is self-evident.

　　The South Korean side also attaches great importance to the first entry of North Korean Kim family members into Korea. A spokesman for South Korea’s Cheongwadae said that all preparations would be made to ensure the smooth visit of the DPRK high-level delegation to South Korea to participate in the Olympic Games, and called Jin Yuzheng’s visit "of great significance". As Jin Yuzheng is an important figure in the Labor Party, the ROK expects that she will have considerable discretion in this trip, which is more important than Jin Yongnan’s coming to hankyung alone, and the ROK and the DPRK may take this opportunity to have a more meaningful dialogue.

　　The close interaction between the DPRK and the ROK, the United States and Japan secretly "make bad"

　　The 23rd Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea in 2018 is destined to be an "unusual" Winter Olympics. Before that, the Vice President of the United States invited "special guests" to pour cold water on the relations between the DPRK and the ROK, and then members of the North Korean "Baitoushan family" (Kim family) entered Korea for the first time. During this period, it was reported that Trump’s daughter would attend the closing ceremony of the Winter Olympics and the South Korean Unification Ministry made intensive statements four times in three days … … The "feature film" of the 2018 Winter Olympics has not yet started, and the "trailer" alone is as wonderful as any Hollywood movie.

　　At the beginning of the new year in 2018, the DPRK and the ROK changed the normal state of "arrogance" and "angry words", shelved the dispute between nuclear weapons and Sadr, and launched active "ice-breaking" talks around the Winter Olympics in a "double pause" posture, which achieved many results. For example, the DPRK and the ROK will jointly hold the flag of the Korean Peninsula at the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics, the Korean art troupe will perform the opening ceremony in South Korea, and the DPRK and the ROK have expressed their positive will to improve the bilateral relations in the future … …

　　At the same time of close interaction between the DPRK and the ROK, the United States began to "pour cold water" on the slowly warming DPRK-ROK relations.

　　US President Donald Trump confirmed last month that he would send Vice President Burns as the head of the US delegation to attend the PyeongChang Winter Olympics. However, it is not known what attitude Burns will take to intervene in the situation on the Korean Peninsula. A White House official said that Burns believed that the DPRK wanted to use the Winter Olympics to "engage in propaganda activities" and he intended to "show up" at the Winter Olympics to "offset" the DPRK’s influence and self-promotion efforts.

　　According to Washington post, Burns will invite a "special guest", namely Fred, the father of the late American college student Otto Warmbier, to visit Korea. Otto Warmbier was charged and convicted of conspiring to subvert the state in North Korea, and was detained for more than a year. He was released to China in June last year, but he was in a coma and died a few days later. This incident once prompted the State Council to issue a travel ban to the DPRK.

　　It is also reported that US President Trump’s daughter ivanka will lead a presidential delegation to attend the closing ceremony of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics. Some South Korean media analysts said that if ivanka really attended the closing ceremony of PyeongChang Winter Olympics as reported by CNN, and Kim Jong-un’s younger sister Jin Yuzheng also went south for a pre-meeting, it might be possible for them to meet in the closing ceremony of Winter Olympics.

　　The DPRK, the United States and South Korea are playing hot, and Japan is also joining in the fun. According to the news released by the Japanese government on the 3rd, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe will meet with Burns before attending the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics, suggesting that the US-South Korea joint military exercise should not be scaled down after the Winter Olympics.

　　… …

　　The Korean Peninsula crisis has lasted for more than 20 years, and the biggest obstacle is the "return to Asia-Pacific strategy" of the United States. However, this "door-to-door talk" between the DPRK and the ROK is a sincere attempt by the DPRK. It is hoped that with the efforts of all parties, the stability of the DPRK and the ROK will be further developed, and the rare "warm drama" between the DPRK and the ROK will not become a "farce" with no end in some countries. (Text/Cheng Xiang)